Prevalência da infecção e de portadores do vírus da hepatite B, após 19 anos do programa de vacinação na Amazônia ocidental Brasileira

Introduction: Reductions in the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and carriage, decreases in liver cancer incidence, and changes in patterns of liver dysfunctions are described after hepatitis B vaccination. Methods: We conducted a population-based seroprevalence study aimed at estimating the HBV prevalence and risk of infection in the rural area of Labrea following nineteen years of HBV vaccination. Results: Half of the subjects showed total anti-HBc of 52.1% (95% CI 49.6-54.7). The HBsAg prevalence was 6.2% (95% CI 5.1-7.6). Multivariate analysis showed an inverse association between HBV infection and vaccination (OR 0.62; 95% CI 0.44-0.87). HBsAg remained independently associated with past hepatitis (OR 2.44; 95% CI 1.52-3.89) and inversely to vaccination (OR 0.43; 95% CI 0.27-0.69). The prevalence of HBeAg among HBsAg-positive individuals was 20.4% (95% CI 12.8-30.1), with the positive subjects having a median age of 11 years (1-46) p=0.0003. Conclusions: We demonstrate that HBV infection is still an important public health issue and that HBV vaccination could have had better impact on HBV epidemiology. If we extrapolate these findings to other rural areas in the Brazilian Amazon, we can predict that the sources of chronic infected patients remain a challenge. Future studies are needed regarding clinical aspects, molecular epidemiology, surveillance of acute cases, and risk groups.INTRODUÇÃO: Reduções nas taxas de prevalência de infecção pelo vírus da hepatite B (VHB) e de portadores, incidência de câncer de fígado e mudança nos padrões de doenças hepáticas são descritos, depois da introdução da vacinação contra hepatite B. \ud MÉTODOS: Foi conduzido um estudo de soro prevalência de base populacional, com o objetivo de estimar a prevalência do VHB e fatores de risco de infecção na área rural de Lábrea, depois de 19 anos de introdução da vacinação contra hepatite B. \ud RESULTADOS: Metade dos indivíduos investigados mostrou reatividade ao anti-HBc total, 52,1% (IC 95% 49,6-54,7). A prevalência do HBsAg foi 6,2% (IC 95% 5,1-7,6). Análises multivariadas mostrou associação inversa da infecção pelo VHB e vacinação (OR 0,62; IC 95% 0<44-0,87). A presença do HBsAg permaneceu independentemente associada com o passado de hepatite (OR 2,44; IC 95% 1,52-3,89) e inversamente associado a história de vacinação (OR 0,43; IC 95% 0,27-0,69). A prevalência do HBeAg, entre os HBsAg positivos foi 20,4% (IC95% 12,8-30,1), tendo em média os indivíduos positivos 11 anos de idade (1-46) p=0,0003. \ud CONCLUSÕES: Foi demonstrado que o VHB é ainda um importante problema de saúde publica, e que a vacinação contra o VHB poderia ter tido um impacto maior na epidemiologia do VHB na região. Se esses achados forem extrapolados para outras regiões rurais da Amazônia brasileira, podemos predizer que a fonte de pacientes crônicos é ainda um desafio a ser vencido. Estudos futuros devem focar os aspectos clínicos, a epidemiologia molecular, vigilância de casos agudos e grupos de risco.Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas (FAPEAM)Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas (FAPEAM

Serological evidence of hantavirus infection in rural and urban regions in the state of Amazonas, Brazil

Hantavirus disease is caused by the hantavirus, which is an RNA virus belonging to the family Bunyaviridae. Hantavirus disease is an anthropozoonotic infection transmitted through the inhalation of aerosols from the excreta of hantavirus-infected rodents. In the county of Itacoatiara in the state of Amazonas (AM), Brazil, the first human cases of hantavirus pulmonary and cardiovascular syndrome were described in July 2004. These first cases were followed by two fatal cases, one in the municipality of Maues in 2005 and another in Itacoatiara in 2007. In this study, we investigated the antibody levels to hantavirus in a population of 1,731 individuals from four different counties of AM. Sera were tested by IgG/IgM-enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay using a recombinant nucleocapsid protein of the Araraquara hantavirus as an antigen. Ten sera were IgG positive to hantavirus (0.6%). Among the positive sera, 0.8% (1/122), 0.4% (1/256), 0.2% (1/556) and 0.9% (7/797) were from Atalaia do Norte, Careiro Castanho, Itacoatiara and Labrea, respectively. None of the sera in this survey were IgM-positive. Because these counties are distributed in different areas of AM, we can assume that infected individuals are found throughout the entire state, which suggests that hantavirus disease could be a local emerging health problem.FAPEAMFAPEAMCNPqCNPqCAPESCAPESSUFRAMASUFRAM

Zika Brazilian Cohorts (ZBC) Consortium: Protocol for an Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis of Congenital Zika Syndrome after Maternal Exposure during Pregnancy.

Despite great advances in our knowledge of the consequences of Zika virus to human health, many questions remain unanswered, and results are often inconsistent. The small sample size of individual studies has limited inference about the spectrum of congenital Zika manifestations and the prognosis of affected children. The Brazilian Zika Cohorts Consortium addresses these limitations by bringing together and harmonizing epidemiological data from a series of prospective cohort studies of pregnant women with rash and of children with microcephaly and/or other manifestations of congenital Zika. The objective is to estimate the absolute risk of congenital Zika manifestations and to characterize the full spectrum and natural history of the manifestations of congenital Zika in children with and without microcephaly. This protocol describes the assembly of the Consortium and protocol for the Individual Participant Data Meta-analyses (IPD Meta-analyses). The findings will address knowledge gaps and inform public policies related to Zika virus. The large harmonized dataset and joint analyses will facilitate more precise estimates of the absolute risk of congenital Zika manifestations among Zika virus-infected pregnancies and more complete descriptions of its full spectrum, including rare manifestations. It will enable sensitivity analyses using different definitions of exposure and outcomes, and the investigation of the sources of heterogeneity between studies and regions

Climate seasonality limits leaf carbon assimilation and wood productivity in tropical forests

The seasonal climate drivers of the carbon cycle in tropical forests remain poorly known, although these forests account for more carbon assimilation and storage than any other terrestrial ecosystem. Based on a unique combination of seasonal pan-tropical data sets from 89 experimental sites (68 include aboveground wood productivity measurements and 35 litter productivity measurements), their associated canopy photosynthetic capacity (enhanced vegetation index, EVI) and climate, we ask how carbon assimilation and aboveground allocation are related to climate seasonality in tropical forests and how they interact in the seasonal carbon cycle. We found that canopy photosynthetic capacity seasonality responds positively to precipitation when rainfall is  < 2000 mm yr⁻¹ (water-limited forests) and to radiation otherwise (light-limited forests). On the other hand, independent of climate limitations, wood productivity and litterfall are driven by seasonal variation in precipitation and evapotranspiration, respectively. Consequently, light-limited forests present an asynchronism between canopy photosynthetic capacity and wood productivity. First-order control by precipitation likely indicates a decrease in tropical forest productivity in a drier climate in water-limited forest, and in current light-limited forest with future rainfall  < 2000 mm yr⁻¹

Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil: setting the baseline knowledge on the animal diversity in Brazil

The limited temporal completeness and taxonomic accuracy of species lists, made available in a traditional manner in scientific publications, has always represented a problem. These lists are invariably limited to a few taxonomic groups and do not represent up-to-date knowledge of all species and classifications. In this context, the Brazilian megadiverse fauna is no exception, and the Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil (CTFB) (http://fauna.jbrj.gov.br/), made public in 2015, represents a database on biodiversity anchored on a list of valid and expertly recognized scientific names of animals in Brazil. The CTFB is updated in near real time by a team of more than 800 specialists. By January 1, 2024, the CTFB compiled 133,691 nominal species, with 125,138 that were considered valid. Most of the valid species were arthropods (82.3%, with more than 102,000 species) and chordates (7.69%, with over 11,000 species). These taxa were followed by a cluster composed of Mollusca (3,567 species), Platyhelminthes (2,292 species), Annelida (1,833 species), and Nematoda (1,447 species). All remaining groups had less than 1,000 species reported in Brazil, with Cnidaria (831 species), Porifera (628 species), Rotifera (606 species), and Bryozoa (520 species) representing those with more than 500 species. Analysis of the CTFB database can facilitate and direct efforts towards the discovery of new species in Brazil, but it is also fundamental in providing the best available list of valid nominal species to users, including those in science, health, conservation efforts, and any initiative involving animals. The importance of the CTFB is evidenced by the elevated number of citations in the scientific literature in diverse areas of biology, law, anthropology, education, forensic science, and veterinary science, among others

Soroprevalência para hepatite A e hepatite B em quatro centros no Brasil Hepatitis A and hepatitis B seroprevalence in four centers in Brazil

Avaliou-se a prevalência de anticorpos para as hepatites A e B em 3.653 indivíduos, em quatro regiões brasileiras. As prevalências de anti-VHA e de anti-HBc foram 64,7% e 7,9%, respectivamente. Prevalências mais elevadas de anti-VHA (92,8%) e de anti-HBc (21,4%) foram observadas na região Norte. Em outras regiões, prevalências de anti-VHA acima de 90% foram alcançadas apenas em idades mais avançadas, indicando uma endemicidade intermediária e prevalência significativamente mais elevada foi observada no grupo de baixo nível sócio-econômico, entre 1 e 30 anos. Para o anti-HBc observou-se um aumento na prevalência entre adolescentes e uma prevalência significativamente mais elevada no grupo de baixo nível sócio-econômico, entre 1 e 20 anos. Prevalência de 3,1% foi encontrada em crianças de 1 ano, sugerindo a transmissão vertical. Os principais resultados deste estudo, indicam que pré-adolescente/adolescentes de algumas cidades brasileiras estão em risco para as hepatites A e B, mas por diferentes motivos.<br>The prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis A and B virus was assessed in 3,653 subjects across four regions of Brazil. The anti-HAV and anti-HBc seroprevalence were 64.7% and 7.9%, respectively. The highest anti-HAV (92.8%) and anti-HBc (21.4%) rates were seen in the Northern region. In other regions, anti-HAV seroprevalence over 90% was only reached in the more elderly, indicating an intermediate endemicity and a significantly higher anti-HAV prevalence was seen in the low socioeconomic group between 1-30 years. With respect to anti-HBc seroprevalence an increase was seen in adolescents and there was a significantly higher anti-HBc prevalence in the lower socioeconomic group between 1-20 years. A 3.1% anti-HBc prevalence was seen in one-year-old infants, suggesting a vertical transmission. The major findings of this study indicate that the pre-adolescent and adolescent population in some Brazilian cities are at greatest risk from both hepatitis A and B infection, but for different reasons

O USO DO DBS NO MONITORAMENTO DA INFECÇÃO POR HCV NA AMAZÔNIA BRASILEIRA

Introdução/Objetivo: No Mundo em 2019, Presume-me que 58 milhões de pessoas tenham a infecção cônica pelo HCV, anualmente ocorram 1,5 milhões de novos casos. A Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS), tem como meta a eliminação das hepatites virais como ameaça a saúde pública até 2030. Para alcançar os objetivos devem ser adotadas estratégias que explorem novas oportunidades, como o diagnóstico. Dando prioridade ao desenvolvimento de testes diagnóstico de tecnologia simples, que alcance áreas remotas e população de difícil acesso, permitindo orientar as decisões médicas. O uso de Dried Blood Spot (DBS) oferece mais conveniência e simplificação na logística para coleta, armazenamento e transporte. A Região Amazônica, por ter um perfil endêmico para a hepatite C, e ter uma logística de pessoas e insumos feitos por via fluvial foi o cenário ideal para aplicabilidade desse estudo. O objetivo do trabalho é analisar o desempenho de testes para detectar e quantificar a carga viral em amostras de sangue seco em papel filtro em comparação com amostras de plasma de pacientes infectados com HCV. Métodos: Foram analisadas amostras de 67 pacientes, de dois municípios do Amazonas. O protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética e Pesquisa da FMT-HVD. Para cada paciente foi realizada coleta de 8 mL de sangue venoso e sangue capilar por punção digital impregnando o sangue nos círculos de 1,0 cm de diâmetro (∼80 µL) cada, no DBS. As amostras foram processadas utilizando os protocolos de modo aberto para extração e amplificação do DNA. Resultados: Um total de 67 amostras pareadas de plasma e DBS capilar foram coletadas de pacientes com sorologia anti-HCV reagente e sem uso de tratamento antiviral. Oito amostras não apresentaram amplificação do RNA de HCV e 59 amostras houve a detecção de RNA de HCV em plasma e DBS capilar, resultando em uma concordância qualitativa geral de 100%. Comparando as cargas virais plasmáticas de RNA do HCV e as cargas virais capilares DBS, mostrou o R2 = 0,746. Conclusão: Os resultados mostram que o uso do DBS é satisfatório no diagnóstico molecular da hepatite viral C, apresentando uma forte correlação e alta sensibilidade, além disso o seu uso pode reduzir os custos associados a coleta, armazenamento e transporte