Climate seasonality limits leaf carbon assimilation and wood productivity in tropical forests

The seasonal climate drivers of the carbon cycle in tropical forests remain poorly known, although these forests account for more carbon assimilation and storage than any other terrestrial ecosystem. Based on a unique combination of seasonal pan-tropical data sets from 89 experimental sites (68 include aboveground wood productivity measurements and 35 litter productivity measurements), their associated canopy photosynthetic capacity (enhanced vegetation index, EVI) and climate, we ask how carbon assimilation and aboveground allocation are related to climate seasonality in tropical forests and how they interact in the seasonal carbon cycle. We found that canopy photosynthetic capacity seasonality responds positively to precipitation when rainfall is  < 2000 mm yr⁻¹ (water-limited forests) and to radiation otherwise (light-limited forests). On the other hand, independent of climate limitations, wood productivity and litterfall are driven by seasonal variation in precipitation and evapotranspiration, respectively. Consequently, light-limited forests present an asynchronism between canopy photosynthetic capacity and wood productivity. First-order control by precipitation likely indicates a decrease in tropical forest productivity in a drier climate in water-limited forest, and in current light-limited forest with future rainfall  < 2000 mm yr⁻¹

esostigmata: Rhodacaridae) from Brazil and a key to the world species of the genus

Dos Santos, Marcia D., Castilho, Raphael C., De Moraes, Gilberto J., Silva, Edmilson S. (2017): esostigmata: Rhodacaridae) from Brazil and a key to the world species of the genus. Zootaxa 4363 (3): 409-420, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4363.3.

Soroprevalência para hepatite A e hepatite B em quatro centros no Brasil Hepatitis A and hepatitis B seroprevalence in four centers in Brazil

Avaliou-se a prevalência de anticorpos para as hepatites A e B em 3.653 indivíduos, em quatro regiões brasileiras. As prevalências de anti-VHA e de anti-HBc foram 64,7% e 7,9%, respectivamente. Prevalências mais elevadas de anti-VHA (92,8%) e de anti-HBc (21,4%) foram observadas na região Norte. Em outras regiões, prevalências de anti-VHA acima de 90% foram alcançadas apenas em idades mais avançadas, indicando uma endemicidade intermediária e prevalência significativamente mais elevada foi observada no grupo de baixo nível sócio-econômico, entre 1 e 30 anos. Para o anti-HBc observou-se um aumento na prevalência entre adolescentes e uma prevalência significativamente mais elevada no grupo de baixo nível sócio-econômico, entre 1 e 20 anos. Prevalência de 3,1% foi encontrada em crianças de 1 ano, sugerindo a transmissão vertical. Os principais resultados deste estudo, indicam que pré-adolescente/adolescentes de algumas cidades brasileiras estão em risco para as hepatites A e B, mas por diferentes motivos.<br>The prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis A and B virus was assessed in 3,653 subjects across four regions of Brazil. The anti-HAV and anti-HBc seroprevalence were 64.7% and 7.9%, respectively. The highest anti-HAV (92.8%) and anti-HBc (21.4%) rates were seen in the Northern region. In other regions, anti-HAV seroprevalence over 90% was only reached in the more elderly, indicating an intermediate endemicity and a significantly higher anti-HAV prevalence was seen in the low socioeconomic group between 1-30 years. With respect to anti-HBc seroprevalence an increase was seen in adolescents and there was a significantly higher anti-HBc prevalence in the lower socioeconomic group between 1-20 years. A 3.1% anti-HBc prevalence was seen in one-year-old infants, suggesting a vertical transmission. The major findings of this study indicate that the pre-adolescent and adolescent population in some Brazilian cities are at greatest risk from both hepatitis A and B infection, but for different reasons

Genomic, epidemiological and digital surveillance of Chikungunya virus in the Brazilian Amazon.

BackgroundSince its first detection in the Caribbean in late 2013, chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has affected 51 countries in the Americas. The CHIKV epidemic in the Americas was caused by the CHIKV-Asian genotype. In August 2014, local transmission of the CHIKV-Asian genotype was detected in the Brazilian Amazon region. However, a distinct lineage, the CHIKV-East-Central-South-America (ECSA)-genotype, was detected nearly simultaneously in Feira de Santana, Bahia state, northeast Brazil. The genomic diversity and the dynamics of CHIKV in the Brazilian Amazon region remains poorly understood despite its importance to better understand the epidemiological spread and public health impact of CHIKV in the country.Methodology/principal findingsWe report a large CHIKV outbreak (5,928 notified cases between August 2014 and August 2018) in Boa vista municipality, capital city of Roraima's state, located in the Brazilian Amazon region. We generated 20 novel CHIKV-ECSA genomes from the Brazilian Amazon region using MinION portable genome sequencing. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that despite an early introduction of the Asian genotype in 2015 in Roraima, the large CHIKV outbreak in 2017 in Boa Vista was caused by an ECSA-lineage most likely introduced from northeastern Brazil. Epidemiological analyses suggest a basic reproductive number of R0 of 1.66, which translates in an estimated 39 (95% CI: 36 to 45) % of Roraima's population infected with CHIKV-ECSA. Finally, we find a strong association between Google search activity and the local laboratory-confirmed CHIKV cases in Roraima.Conclusions/significanceThis study highlights the potential of combining traditional surveillance with portable genome sequencing technologies and digital epidemiology to inform public health surveillance in the Amazon region. Our data reveal a large CHIKV-ECSA outbreak in Boa Vista, limited potential for future CHIKV outbreaks, and indicate a replacement of the Asian genotype by the ECSA genotype in the Amazon region