Histological and mast cells evaluation after application of botulinum toxin type a in masseter muscles of rats

Botulinum Toxin Type A (BTX-A) has been largely used to reduce muscle strength of masseter and temporal muscles by producing a temporary weakening of their activity. This study aimed to evaluate the histological changes and the number of mast cells afte

Salivary IL-21 and IgA responses to a competitive match in elite basketball players

Athletes engaged in strenuous training might experience transient immune suppression that could lead to greater incidence of upper respiratory tract infections (URTI). Since interleukin 21 (IL-21) stimulates immunoglobulin A (IgA) secreting cells and a low level of this immunoglobulin is associated with increased incidence of URTI, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of a basketball match on salivary cortisol (sC), salivary IL-21 (sIL-21) and salivary IgA (sIgA) levels. Twenty male basketball players participated in an official game in two teams (10 players in each team). The saliva samples were collected before the warm-up and approximately 10-15 min after the end of the match and were analysed by ELISA methods. sC concentration increased significantly after the match while sIL-21 level was reduced (p < 0.05). In opposition to the study’s hypothesis, sIgA level did not change in response to the match. The present findings suggest that a basketball match is sufficiently stressful to elevate sC concentration and attenuates the sIL-21 output without compromising the sIgA level. It is reasonable to speculate that the stability of sIgA acute responses to the match, despite the decrement in sIL-21, indicates that other mechanisms rather than IL-21 stimulating B cell proliferation/differentiation might modulate IgA concentration and secretion rate.FAPESP 2008/10404-

Delay in maturation of the submandibular gland in Chagas disease correlates with lower DNA synthesis

It has been demonstrated that the acute phase of Trypanosoma cruzi infection promotes several changes in the oral glands. The present study examined whether T. cruzi modulates the expression of host cell apoptotic or mitotic pathway genes. Rats were infected with T. cruzi then sacrificed after 18, 32, 64 or 97 days, after which the submandibular glands were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Immunohistochemical analyses using an anti-bromodeoxyuridine antibody showed that, during acute T. cruzi infection, DNA synthesizing cells in rat submandibular glands were lower than in non-infected animals (p < 0.05). However, after 64 days of infection (chronic phase), the number of immunolabeled cells are similar in both groups. However, immunohistochemical analysis of Fas and Bcl-2 expression did not find any difference between infected and non-infected animals in both the acute and chronic stages. These findings suggest that the delay in ductal maturation observed at the acute phase of Chagas disease is correlated with lower expression of DNA synthesis genes, but not apoptotic genes

Microneedles enhance topical delivery of 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2) and reduce nociception in temporomandibular joint of rats

The pain arising from temporomandibular disorders is often treated with opioids and agents that inhibit the immune response and are associated with substantial adverse effects and long-term risks. Thus, the development of new therapies that are safer and more effective is of great interest to patients and clinicians. 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2) (15d-PGJ(2)) is naturally produced in the human body and has anti-inflammatory properties. We have previously shown in a rat temporomandibular joint (TMJ) model that injection of 15d-PGJ(2) into the rat TMJ can provide antinociceptive relief against a subsequent noxious challenge from formalin injection into the same TMJ. However, intra-TMJ injections are painful. Thus, to make the treatment patient friendly, this study aimed to evaluate whether the antinociceptive property of 15d-PGJ(2) cream can be enhanced with microneedles (MNs). We found that topical application of 15d-PGJ(2) cream for 15 min directly on the rat TMJ skin did not induce any significant antinociceptive effect. However, if MNs were inserted in the skin for 5 min, removed, and then 15d-PGJ(2) cream was applied, a significant reduction in formalin-induced nociceptive behavior was observed. This reduction in nociception was comparable to an intra-TMJ injection of 15d-PGJ(2). A concentration-dependent effect of 15d-PGJ(2) was observed, with higher concentrations of 15d-PGJ(2) in the cream showing a more durable effect up to 8 h. 15d-PGJ(2) cream associated with MNs also significantly reduced the release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 beta, which are pro-inflammatory cytokines. Our findings suggest that 15d-PGJ(2) cream associated with MNs provides antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effect, and can offer a potential patient-friendly therapeutic option for pain control related to inflammatory disorders of the TMJ.2652229COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPES002316/2014-0

Metabolic activity of Streptococcus mutans biofilms after treatment with different mouthwash formulations

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the metabolic activity of Streptococcus mutans biofilms after treatment with mouthwashes with different compositions. Methods: S. mutans biofilms were growth on polystyrene plates during 18 h, washed with sterile saline and treated with the following mouthwashes during 1 min: Listerine®, Oral B®, Parodontax® and Periogard® with and without alcohol. After the treatment, the biofilms were incubated with complete medium containing sucrose during 60, 120 or 180 min, and then samples were collected for pH measurements. In addition, biofilms were grown in microscope coverslips treated as described above, followed by staining with Propidium Iodide and Fluoresceine for visualization with a confocal laser scanning microscopy. Results: For all mouthwashes evaluated, treatment was deleterious to cell metabolism, since little or no acidification was observed at least 60 min after treatment. Mouthwashes containing 0.2% chlorhexidine (Parodontax®) or essential oils (Listerine®) induced a significant reduction in the metabolic activity of biofilms during the tested time points (120 and 180 min after treatment), being thus more effective than the mouthwashes containing 0.12% chlorhexidine (Periogard®) or cetylpyridinium plus fluoride (Oral B®). The confocal analysis overall confirmed the results observed in the analysis of metabolic activity. Conclusions: The treatment of biofilms with mouthwashes containing 0.2% chlorhexidine or essential oils induced significant reduction in S. mutans metabolism

Effects of photobiomodulation on SOFAT, A T-cell-derived Cytokine, may explain accelerated orthodontic tooth movement

Orthodontic tooth movement is based on mechanical forces inducing bone remodeling, and several methods have been proposed to increase tooth movement, including photobiomodulation. This study evaluated, in an animal model, the effects of photobiomodulation on SOFATa secreted osteoclastogenic factor of activated T cells and RANK-L during tooth movement. The results showed that tooth displacement, RANK-L and SOFAT levels were significantly greater compared to Control group. SOFAT may play an important role in bone remodeling during orthodontic movement, possibly increasing the osteoclast cells at the compression area and bone remodeling activity943604610FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESP2013/06079-

Metabolic activity of Streptococcus mutans biofilms after treatment with different mouthwash formulations

e aim of this study was to investigate the metabolic activity of Streptococcus mutans biofilms after treatment with mouthwashes with different compositions. Methods: S. mutans biofilms were growth on polystyrene plates during 18 h, washed with sterile saline and treated with the following mouthwashes during 1 min: Listerine®, Oral B®, Parodontax® and Periogard® with and without alcohol. After the treatment, the biofilms were incubated with complete medium containing sucrose during 60, 120 or 180 min, and then samples were collected for pH measurements. In addition, biofilms were grown in microscope coverslips treated as described above, followed by staining with Propidium Iodide and Fluoresceine for visualization with a confocal laser scanning microscopy. Results: For all mouthwashes evaluated, treatment was deleterious to cell metabolism, since little or no acidification was observed at least 60 min after treatment. Mouthwashes containing 0.2% chlorhexidine (Parodontax®) or essential oils (Listerine®) induced a significant reduction in the metabolic activity of biofilms during the tested time points (120 and 180 min after treatment), being thus more effective than the mouthwashes containing 0.12% chlorhexidine (Periogard®) or cetylpyridinium plus fluoride (Oral B®). The confocal analysis overall confirmed the results observed in the analysis of metabolic activity. Conclusions: The treatment of biofilms with mouthwashes containing 0.2% chlorhexidine or essential oils induced significant reduction in S. mutans metabolism

15d-PGJ2-loaded in nanocapsules enhance the antinociceptive properties into rat temporomandibular hypernociception

Aims: To verify whether the nanoencapsulation of 15d-PGJ(2) in poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanocapsules (15d-PGJ(2)-NC) might potentialize its antinociceptive activity into rats' temporomandibular joint (TMJ).Main methods: Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to evaluate the morphology and suspension of the PLGA nanocapsules. Rats were pretreated (15 min) with an intra-TMJ injection of unloaded 15d-PGJ(2) or 15d-PGJ(2)-NC at concentrations of 10, 100 or 1000 pg followed by an ipsilateral intra-TMJ injection of 1.5% formalin. The nociceptive behavioral response was observed during 45 min: animals were then sacrificed and the periarticular tissue was removed for IL-1 beta measurements.Key finding: TEM and AFM analyses showed that 15d-PGJ(2)-NC is spherical without any aggregates or adhesion confirming that this formulation is a good drug carrier system for 15d-PGJ(2). Pretreatment with 15d-PGJ(2)-NC (100 and 1000 pg/TMJ), but not unloaded 15d-PGJ(2), was found to significantly decrease the release of IL-1 beta cytokine and the animals' nociceptive behavioral response induced by intra-TMJ injection of formalin.Significance: The compound 15d-PGJ(2)-NC might be used as a potential antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory agent to treat temporomandibular disorders in clinical practice. (c) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq