Characterisation of spray dried hydrolysed chicken liver powder : effects on palatability and digestibility when included as single source of animal protein in dog diets

This study aimed to evaluate a commercial hydrolysed chicken liver powder (HCLP) as a single source of animal protein in diets for adult dogs. A characterisation of the HCLP was followed by assessment of diets palatability and in vivo and in vitro digestibility. Two extruded isonitroge- nous diets were produced: control (poultry byproduct þ bovine meat and bone meal) and HCLP. Twenty-two dogs of different breeds were used to test palatability, and twelve Beagle dogs were used to evaluate digestibility. HCLP had high concentrations of lysine, linoleic and arachi- donic acids, and most of peptides with molecular weight .05). Ash and fat intake were higher in dogs fed the control diet, (p .05) compared to control diet, although faecal dry matter was reduced (p 1⁄4 .0321) and the daily faecal production was increased (p 1⁄4 .0361). The diets in vitro digestibility did not differ (p > .05). Based on our results, HCLP included up to 26% in diets for adult dogs presented satisfactory results in palatability, digestibility of nutrients and energy, faecal and urinary characteristics. Although dogs fed the HCLP diet produced slightly moist stools, it had no negative impact on faecal score

Hydrolyzed chicken liver used as single source of animal protein in diet and its effect on cytokines, immunoglobulins, and fecal microbiota profile of adult dogs

Dogs with food allergies and enteropathies may require hydrolyzed diets to prevent or reduce clinical signs, therefore the protein sources used in these diets must be previously characterized and evaluated in healthy dogs. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a hydrolyzed chicken liver powder-based diet (HCLP) versus a poultry by-product meal and bovine meat and bone meal-based diet (Control), on complete blood count (CBC), cytokine, immunoglobulins responses (assessed on days 0, 15, 30 and 45), and fecal microbiota (assessed on day 45) in healthy adult dogs. The CBC did not differ between diets (P>0.05), remaining within reference range. Total plasma IL-4 concentrations were decreased over time independent of the dietary treatment (P0.05). β- diversity principal coordinate analysis plots demonstrated that HCLP group had a higher similarity than control. Based on our results, healthy adult dogs fed a HCLP based diet main- tained normal values for hematological and immunological characteristics, and fecal micro- biota after 45 days of feeding

Effects of diets based on hydrolyzed chicken liver and different protein concentrations on the formation and deamination of biogenic amines and total antioxidant capacity of dogs

Biogenic amines are synthesized through the bacterial decarboxylation of amino acids, commonly found in high levels in animal by-product meals due to spoilage. Furthermore, biogenic amines and other metabolites can be produced by the fermentation of proteins in the hindgut according to the protein source and concentration of crude protein (CP) in the diet. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate two protein sources (poultry by-product meal (PBPM) and hydrolyzed chicken liver powder (HCLP)) and three CP concentrations (24, 32, and 40%) and their effects on the consumption and fecal excretion of biogenic amines, plasma monoamine oxidase (MAO) and diamine oxidase (DAO) activities, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of healthy adult dogs after 30 days of feeding the experimental diets. Twelve dogs were randomly distributed into six treatments (n = 6/treatment): PBPM24 (PBPM with 24% CP); PBPM32 (PBPM with 32% CP); PBPM40 (PBPM with 40% CP); HCLP24 (HCLP with 24% CP); HCLP32 (HCLP with 32% CP); HCLP40 (HCLP with 40% CP). The PBPM and PBPM-based diets had higher concentrations of putrescine, cadaverine, tyramine, histamine, agmatine, and total biogenic amines. In contrast, HCLP and HCLP-based diets contained higher concentrations of spermidine, phenylethylamine, and spermine. The PBPM and PBPM-diets had higher biogenic amine index (BAI) indicating lower quality due to the high content of putrescine, cadaverine and tyramine. Dogs fed diets with PBPM and higher protein concentrations consumed more putrescine, cadaverine, tyramine, agmatine, and total amines (p < 0.0001), while dogs fed with HCLP consumed more spermidine, phenylethylamine, and spermine (p < 0.0001). Fecal excretion of phenylethylamine was greater in dogs fed HCLP32 and HCLP40 diets (p = 0.045). Although we did not evaluate the intestinal activities of MAO and DAO, our results suggest that healthy adult dogs have an efficient deamination process on the gut epithelium

ADIÇÃO DE ÁGUA NA EXTRUSÃO SOBRE AS CARACTERÍSTICAS FÍSICO-QUÍMICAS E DIGESTIBILIDADE DA DIETA EM CÃES

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da adição de crescentes níveis de água no condicionador sobre as características físico-químicas dos extrusados e a digestibilidade da dieta em cães. Foram utilizados cinco cães adultos que consumiram dietas contendo: 1072, 1182, 1293, 1444 e 1565 kg de água/hora adicionada no condicionador. O delineamento foi em Quadrado Latino (5 x 5) e os dados foram submetidos à análise de regressão e correlação. A inclusão de até 1565 kg de água/hora no condicionador apresentou correlações (P0,05). Além disso, a adição intermediária de 1293 kg de água/hora no condicionador apresentou poros maiores, sendo que o aumento em até 1565 kg de água/hora apresenta poros menores proporcionando densidade e dureza menores e aumento na gelatinização do amido. No entanto, não afeta a digestibilidade da dieta em cães

Digestibilidade e energia metabolizável da glicerina em cães

A glicerina é um coproduto originado da produção de biodiesel, que apresenta possibilidade de uso como fonte energética na nutrição animal. Objetivou-se avaliar os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) e a energia metabolizável (EM) de dietas contendo glicerina, bem como a EM da glicerina em cães. Foram avaliadas quatro dietas contendo crescentes níveis de glicerina: 0%, 3%, 6% e 9%. As dietas foram fornecidas a oito cães adultos, os quais foram distribuídos em delineamento Quadrado Latino duplo (4x4). A adição de glicerina aumentou os CDA da matéria seca, energia bruta e a EM, sem afetar os CDA da proteína bruta e dos extrativos não nitrogenados da dieta. Entretanto, resultou em redução no CDA do extrato etéreo da dieta. Embora a adição de glicerina tenha reduzido o teor de matéria seca fecal, não houve efeito sobre o escore das fezes. Dentro dos níveis avaliados, a glicerina pode ser utilizada na dieta como fonte energética altamente disponível para cães

Avaliação da densidade de uma pastagem de coastcross-1 (<em>Cynodon dactylon</em> (L.) Pers) em níveis residuais de matéria seca sob pastejo Density evaluation of a coastcross-1 (<em>Cynodon dactylon</em> (L.) Pers) pasture under grazing in different levels of dry matter residue

O experimento foi realizado no Câmpus do Arenito - UEM, em Cidade Gaúcha, no período de outubro de 1997 a março de 1998, com o objetivo de avaliar na pastagem de coastcross -1 (<em>Cynodon dactylon</em> (L.) Pers), em quatro níveis de resíduo de matéria seca (RMS: 1.978, 2.130, 2.545 e 3.857 kg de MS/ha), com lotação contínua e carga animal variável, as densidades e participação dos componentes botânicos. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, com duas repetições. As avaliações da densidade de forragem, participação dos componentes botânicos e a relação folha/colmo foram estudados nos estratos inferiores (0 - 10 cm) e superiores (10 - 20 cm) da pastagem, em função dos níveis RMS. A densidade da pastagem (g de MS/m³) nos estratos inferior e superior teve uma relação positiva com os níveis de RMS e negativa em relação ao tempo (dias) do experimento. A percentagem de material morto (MM) foi superior no estrato inferior em relação à percentagem de colmos verdes (CV) e de folhas verdes (FV). No estrato superior o MM e CV tiveram a maior participação, porém FV, aumentou à medida que se elevaram os níveis de RMS.<br>This experiment was carried out in Arenito Research Center-UEM, in Cidade Gaúcha-PR, from October/1997 to March /1998, to evaluate in coastcross-1 (<em>Cynodon dactylon</em> (L.) Pers) grazing, in four levels of dry matter residue (DMR: 1,978; 2,130; 2,545; 3,857 kg of DM/ha), with a continuous allotment system and variable number of allotments, the densities and participation of botanical component. A completely randomized design with two replications was used. Forage density, participation of botanical components and leaf/stem ratio were evaluated in inferior strata (0-10 cm) and superior ones (10-20 cm) of the pasture, according to the levels of DMR. The pasture density (g of DM/m³) in superior and inferior strata had a positive relation with the DMR levels and negative when associated to the period (days) of the experiment. Dead material (DM) percentage was higher in the inferior stratum than green stem (GC)and green leaves (GL) percentages. In the superior stratum, DM and GL had a greater participation, however the GL increased while DM levels increased as well

Diferentes graus de moagem em dietas para cães Different milling in diets for dogs

As características físicas da dieta, dentre elas a granulometria, exercem importante papel no aproveitamento da dieta pelos animais. Desse modo, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da granulometria da dieta sobre a digestibilidade e a metabolizabilidade da energia de rações secas extrusadas para cães. Oito cães adultos da raça Beagle foram distribuídos em delineamento quadrado latino duplo (4 x 4), totalizando oito repetições no tempo. Os ingredientes foram moídos em peneiras de 0,8; 1,0; 1,2 e 1,5mm, resultando em rações com diâmetro geométrico médio (DGM) de 468, 476, 499 e 588µm, respectivamente. Cada período experimental foi composto por cinco dias para adaptação às dietas e cinco dias de coleta total de fezes. As análises de correlação e regressão linear demonstraram relação negativa entre o DGM e os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) da proteína bruta (y=94,82-42,05x), o extrato etéreo em hidrólise ácida (y=86,57-35,02x), os extrativos não nitrogenados (y=102,48-48,42x) e a energia metabolizável (y=3597,56-1697,00x). Não foi observado efeito do DGM sobre o consumo de matéria seca e o CDA da matéria seca. Houve piora na qualidade das fezes à medida que o DGM das dietas aumentou. Portanto, a menor granulometria da ração está relacionada ao melhor aproveitamento dos nutrientes e à energia da dieta e à produção de fezes de melhor qualidade pelos cães.The physical characteristics of the diet, including particle size, exert important role in animals diet usage. So, the current study aimed to evaluate the effect of diet granulometry on nutrients digestibility and metabolizability of energy in dogs. Eight adult Beagle dogs were distributed in a double latin square design (4 x 4), totaling eight replicates in time. The ingredients of diets were ground in sieves of: 0.8, 1.0, 1.2 and 1.5mm, and the diets particle size were expressed as geometric mean diameter (GMD): 468, 476, 499 and 588µm, respectively. Each experimental period was composed by five days for diet adaptation and five days of total feces collection. The correlation and regression analyses showed a negative relationship between GMD and coefficient of apparent digestibility (CAD) of crude protein (y=94.82-42.05x), acid ether extract (y=86.57-35.02x), nitrogen free-extract (y=102.48-48.42x) and metabolizable energy (y=3597.56-1697.00x). It was not observed effect of GMD on dry matter intake and dry matter CAD. There was lower fecal score with increasing GMD of foods. Therefore, the lowest particle size of food resulted in better use of nutrients and diet energy and production of drier feces by dogs

Effects of different levels of cassava fibre and traditional fibre sources on extrusion, kibble characteristics, and palatability of dog diets

Pet food companies often use fibres in extruded diets as a strategy to improve intestinal functionality and reduce energy density, but studies evaluating the effect of fibres on the extrusion process, kibble characteristics, and palatability of dog diets are scarce. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of cassava fibre (CA) levels and conventional fibre sources on the extrusion process, kibble characteristics, and palatability of diets. Seven diets were evaluated: control diet (CO), without the inclusion of fibre sources; three diets with increasing levels of CA—4, 8, and 12% (totalling 6.1, 7.2, and 8.3% total dietary fibre—TDF, respectively); diet with 3.8% cellulose (CE); diet with 6% beet pulp (BP); and diet with 3.8% lignocellulose (LC). Diets 12% CA, CE, BP, and LC presented approximately 8.0% TDF. Diet palatability was evaluated in 16 adult beagle dogs in a completely randomised design. Seven paired tests were conducted, with two consecutive days per test, totalling 32 repetitions. Diets with fibre sources had lower kibble density than the CO diet (p = .004). The inclusion of increasing dietary CA levels resulted in a linear increase in the kibble expansion index (p = .0001). Dogs preferred the 12% CA diet to the CO (p = .032) or BP diets (p = .0001). The evaluated insoluble fibre sources resulted in greater expansion and lower density kibbles than the CO diet. Furthermore, 12% of CA positively affected diet palatability in dogs.HIGHLIGHTS Cassava fibre linearly increased the expansion of kibbles. 12% cassava fibre positively affected diet palatability. Diets with fibre sources changed the physical characteristics of kibbles