Clostridium difficile: Molecular typing of clinically significant isolates

Clostridium difficile je významným nozokomiálním patogenem současnosti v souvislosti s rozšířením epidemických kmenů. Molekulární typizace klinických izolátů je nedílnou součástí kontroly výskytu a šíření C. difficile v nemocničním prostředí a v komunitě. Soubor 2201 klinických izolátů C. difficile z 32 nemocničních zařízení z období 2013-2015 byl charakterizován pomocí PCR ribotypizace doplněné o průkaz genů pro tvorbu toxinů. Identifikovali jsme celkem 166 různých ribotypizačních profilů a u 53 profilů byly zachyceny alespoň dva izoláty reprezentující jeden profil. Nejčastěji zachycenými ribotypy byly 176 (n=588; 26,7 %) a 001 (n=456; 20,7 %), následovány ribotypy 014 (n=176; 8 %), 012 (n=127; 5,8 %), 017 (n=85; 3,9 %) a 020 (n=68; 3,1 %). Celkem 2024 (92 %) izolátů bylo toxigenních (neslo geny pro produkci toxinů A, B) a z těchto navíc 677 neslo také geny pro tvorbu binárního toxinu. Zbývajících 177 (8 %) izolátů bylo netoxigenních. Subtypizace izolátů C. difficile pomocí MLVA (multilocus variable number tandem repeats analysis) porovnávající počet repetitivních úseků byla provedená u izolátů ribotypu 176 (n=225, 17 nemocnic) a u izolátů ribotypu 001 (n=184, 14 nemocnic) kultivovaných v roce 2014. Klonální příbuznost izolátů v rámci ribotypu byla zjištěna u 76,6 % izolátů ribotypu 001, které...Currently, Clostridium difficile is a leading nosocomial pathogen due to the spread of epidemic strains. Molecular typing of clinical isolates is an important part of C. difficile occurrence and spread control in hospitals as well as in the community. A total of 2201 clinical C. difficile isolates from 32 hospitals cultured between 2013-2015 were characterized by PCR ribotyping and toxin gene multiplex PCR. A total of 166 different ribotyping profiles were identified, of which 53 ribotyping profiles were represented by at least two isolates for each profile. The most frequently found ribotypes were 176 (n=588, 26.7%) and 001 (n=456, 20.7%) followed by 014 (n=176, 8%), 012 (n=127, 5.8%), 017 (n=85, 3.9%) and 020 (n=68, 3.1%). Out of 2201 isolates, 2024 (92%) isolates were toxigenic and carried genes for toxin A and B, and of these, 677 (33.5%) also carried genes for binary toxin. The remaining 177 (8%) isolates were non-toxigenic. Subtyping of C. difficile isolates using a multilocus variable-number tandem repeats analysis (MLVA), that compared the sum of tandem repeats differences, was performed in C. difficile isolates of ribotype 176 (n=225, 17 hospitals) and in C. difficile isolates of ribotype 001 (n=184, 14 hospitals) cultured in 2014. The clonal relatedness in C. difficile isolates belonging...Department of Medical MicrobiologyÚstav lékařské mikrobiologie2. lékařská fakultaSecond Faculty of Medicin

Clostridium difficile: Molecular typing of clinically significant isolates

Currently, Clostridium difficile is a leading nosocomial pathogen due to the spread of epidemic strains. Molecular typing of clinical isolates is an important part of C. difficile occurrence and spread control in hospitals as well as in the community. A total of 2201 clinical C. difficile isolates from 32 hospitals cultured between 2013-2015 were characterized by PCR ribotyping and toxin gene multiplex PCR. A total of 166 different ribotyping profiles were identified, of which 53 ribotyping profiles were represented by at least two isolates for each profile. The most frequently found ribotypes were 176 (n=588, 26.7%) and 001 (n=456, 20.7%) followed by 014 (n=176, 8%), 012 (n=127, 5.8%), 017 (n=85, 3.9%) and 020 (n=68, 3.1%). Out of 2201 isolates, 2024 (92%) isolates were toxigenic and carried genes for toxin A and B, and of these, 677 (33.5%) also carried genes for binary toxin. The remaining 177 (8%) isolates were non-toxigenic. Subtyping of C. difficile isolates using a multilocus variable-number tandem repeats analysis (MLVA), that compared the sum of tandem repeats differences, was performed in C. difficile isolates of ribotype 176 (n=225, 17 hospitals) and in C. difficile isolates of ribotype 001 (n=184, 14 hospitals) cultured in 2014. The clonal relatedness in C. difficile isolates belonging..

Additional file 1: of Detection rate of causal variants in severe childhood epilepsy is highest in patients with seizure onset within the first four weeks of life

Part I Age distribution among patients, first box plot is age of seizure onset, second age of inclusion into study. Part II List off all genes included in panel. Part III Process of CNV analysis. Part IV List of variants of uncertain significance or likely benign found in our cohort. Part V. Part VI Advantages of the gene panel testing. (DOCX 150 kb