Desenvolvimento de Paté de lapa, Patella spp. com adição de medronho, Arbutus unedo

Limpets Patella are gastropods molluscs with an increasing use in human food, being a popular food too much appreciated in several coastal regions of Portugal. According to the chain of seafood, the consumption of fishery products rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, has replaced the products of terrestrial animals through the filleted products, restructured products and precooked products. Food oxidation is the most important cause in the deterioration of nutritional and sensory quality of fish products. So, in recent years, there has been an increasing utilization of natural antioxidants of vegetable origin (fruits and vegetables) in substitution of the synthetic antioxidants in the preparation of restructured products of animal origin (burgers, sausages and pâtés). In addition to this antioxidant effect, there is a beneficial relationship between the consumption of fruit and vegetable rich in phenolic compounds in the prevention of certain diseases. So, this project intends to produce and characterize physical-chemical properties, sensorial analysis and microbiological analysis in one pâté elaborate with limpets and with addition of arbutus wild fruit, as well as valorisation of these raw materials to providing the nutritional/functional and economic value to the development of an innovative product (pâté). Furthermore, we evaluated the oxidative stability of pâté in refrigeration for 90 days and its acceptability. Thus, we produced three types of innovative pâtés: I) Patella spp. pâté with BHT (PCON), II) Patella spp. pâté with 3% of the Arbutus unedo (PAU3) and III) Patella spp. pâté with 6% of the Arbutus unedo (PAU6). The results of the evaluation of oxidative stability (PAU6>PAU3>PCON) confirm the high performance of the Arbutus unedo extract rich in phenolic compounds as effective inhibitor in lipid oxidation of the Patella spp. pâté and with good sensory acceptability.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Morfofisiologia de gramíneas forrageiras tropicais cultivadas sob diferentes suprimentos hídricos e condições edafoclimáticas.

Resumo: Objetivou-se avaliar as trocas gasosas, o fluxo de biomassa e as características estruturais e de biomassa de cinco gramíneas forrageiras tropicais: Búffel (Pennisetum ciliare (L.) Link) cultivar Gayndah; Paiaguás e Piatã (Urochloa brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) R.D. Webster); Massai e Tamani (Megathyrsus maximus (Jacq.) B.K. Simon & S.W.L. Jacobs), implantadas em duas classes texturais de solo (arenosa e média) e supridas com diferentes regimes de irrigação. As gramíneas foram agrupadas em gêneros botânicos para a condução das análises estatísticas, sendo comparadas entre sinas fases de crescimento. No caso do capim-búffel, as informações foram agrupadas em períodos, sendo comparado o desempenho da cultivar entre período de crescimento. As trocas gasosas foram conduzidas em três fases: estabelecimento, onde foi realizado um curso diário sob o regime de irrigação de 100% da Et0, e períodos seco e de transição seco/chuvoso quando o ensaio se deu em solo de textura arenosa; e seco e chuvoso quando as avaliação foram realizadas em solo de textura média. As avaliações de fluxo de biomassa e características de biomassa e estruturais também foram realizadas em três períodos, seguindo o mesmo desenvolvimento das trocas gasosas. Com relação aos resultados em solo de textura arenosa, o capim-búffel apresentou as melhores respostas morfofisiológicas e estruturais no período seco, com o maior acúmulo de forragem verificado no regime de 90% da Et0. Já no tocante aos capins Massai e Tamani observaram-se maiores taxas de senescência foliar e maior acúmulo de biomassa de colmo verde no capim-tamani e, a semelhança do capim-búffel, o nível de 90% da Et0 favorece o desempenho das funções fisiológicas desta, traduzindo em melhores características produtivas. No que se refere aos capins Paiaguás e Piatã, as melhores características morfofisiológicas, estruturais e de produção de biomassa de lâminas foliares foram verificadas no capim-piatã, especialmente pela menor taxa de senescência foliar, das hastes e maior produção de lâminas foliares no regime de 30% da Et0 no período seco. Já em relação aos resultados em solo de textura média, o capim búffel apresentou as melhores respostas no período seco, como maior eficiência no uso da água, maior relação lâmina foliar/colmo e número de folhas vivas, sendo observado que, no regime de 60% da Et0 durante o período seco, favoreceu as melhores características estruturais e produtivas quando do início do período chuvoso. No tocante aos capins Massai e Tamani, o capim-massai apresentou comportamento semelhante nos períodos seco e chuvoso, principalmente pela reduzida taxa de senescência foliar e baixo alongamento das hastes, mostrando-se mais resiliente aos menores regimes de irrigação. Para os capins Paiaguás e Piatã, por sua vez, foi verificado maior eficiência no uso da água e maior produção de lâminas foliares na fase de estabelecimento no capim-piatã, característica morfofisiológica interessante para uso em sistemas de baixo regime hídrico, além de apresentar menor biomassa de colmo e de forragem morta nos períodos seco e chuvoso. De maneira geral, os maiores registros dos parâmetros fisiológicos foram observados nos horários de maior intensidade luminosa, independentemente da cultivar e da classe de solo a que estavam implantadas, o que mostra elevada capacidade fotossintética das gramíneas forrageiras tropicais. De igual modo, o regime de 30% da Et0 no período seco possibilitou a manutenção do status morfofisiológico das gramíneas sem ocasionar morte de perfilhos e perda do vigor da rebrotação com a entrada no período das águas. Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the gas exchange, the biomass flow and the structural and biomass characteristics of five tropical forage grasses: Búffel (Pennisetum ciliare (L.) Link) cv. Gayndah; Paiaguás and Piatã (Urochloa brizantha (Hochst. Ex A. Rich.) R.D. Webster); Massai and Tamani (Megathyrsus maximus (Jacq.) B.K. Simon & S.W.L. Jacobs), implanted in two soil texture classes (sandy and medium) and supplied with different irrigation regimes. The grasses were grouped in botanical genera to conduct the statistical analyzes, being compared among themselves in the growth phases. In the case of the buffel grass, the information was grouped in periods, being compared the performance of the cultivar between period of growth. The gas exchanges were conducted in three phases: establishment, where a daily course was performed under the 100% Et0 irrigation regime, and dry and dry/rainy transition periods when the test occurred in sandy soil; and dry and rainy when the evaluations were performed in medium texture soil. Biomass flow and biomass and structural characteristics were also evaluated in three periods, following the same development of gas exchanges. Regarding the results in sandy soil, buffel grass had the best morphophysiological and structural responses in the dry period, with the highest forage accumulation verified in the 90% Et0 regimen. Regarding the Massai and Tamani grasses, there was a higher leaf senescence rate and a higher accumulation of green stem biomass in the tall grass, and similar to the buffel grass, the 90% level of Et0 favors the performance of the physiological functions of this, translating into better productive characteristics. Regarding the Paiaguás and Piatã grasses, the best morphophysiological, structural and biomass characteristics of leaf blades were observed in the piatã grass, especially due to the lower foliar senescence rate, stems and greater foliar leaf production in the 30% Et0 in the dry period. Regarding the results in medium textured soil, buffel grass presented the best responses in the dry period, such as higher water use efficiency, higher leaf/stem ratio and number of live leaves, and it was observed that in the 60% of Et0 during the dry season favored the best structural and productive characteristics at the beginning of the rainy season. Massai and Tamani grasses showed similar behavior in the dry and rainy seasons, mainly due to the reduced rate of leaf senescence and low elongation of the stems, which was more resilient to the lower irrigation regimes. For Paiaguás and Piatã grasses, in turn, greater efficiency in the use of water and greater production of leaf blades in the stage of establishment in the piatã grass, an interesting morphophysiological characteristic for use in systems of low water regime were verified, besides presenting lower stem biomass and dead forage in the dry and rainy seasons. In general, the greatest records of physiological parameters were observed at the highest light intensity, independently of the cultivar and the soil class to which they were implanted, which shows high photosynthetic capacity of the tropical forage grasses. Likewise, the regime of 30% Et0 in the dry season allowed the maintenance of morphophysiological status of grasses without causing tiller death and loss of regrowth vigor with the entry into the water period.Dissertação (Mestrado em Zootecnia. Área de concentração: Forragicultura e Pastagem) - Universidade Estadual Vale do Acaraú, Sobral. Orientador: Roberto Cláudio Fernandes Franco Pompeu; Co-orientador: Henrique Antunes de Souz

Cactus Forage Productivity Modelling Using PHYGROW Software in a Semiarid Environment

Plant growth modeling has been shown an increasing strategy to cope with the high demand for food supply, mainly in climate vulnerable areas, providing them to be used in agriculture worldwide. Concerning semiarid regions, the PHYGROW software has been promising to model plant growth, as cactus forage (‘Opuntia stricta’ cv. “Mexican elephant ear”) which was used in this study. Production data from 2017 and 2018 in Petrolina, Permambuco state, Brazil, with 12 replicates each year were considered. This region shows a very hot and dry climate and has an erratic and seasonal rainfall, which varies a lot in quantity, frequency and intensity from one year to another. After the PHYGROW software parameterization, we performed the generation of the synthetic series and, afterwards, we add the field data to calibration and validation. The results showed a high prediction capacity of PHYGROW software, even in such an erratic climate as Brazilian Semiarid, considering the model performed as calibrated. In 2017 and 2018, the observed cactus forage biomass were 1745 ± 505.83 and 2016 ± 584.58 kg DM ha-1 and the estimated data were 1795 and 2314 kg DM ha-1, respectively. This relatively high deviation suggests an opportunity to add more data, in order to get the model more accurate. Although there was a high difference in precipitation from 2017 to 2018 (166 and 301 mm, respectively), cactus forage was capable to offset this fluctuation, which makes it a strategic resource to reduces the biomass variation and stockpiling necessity on the farm level. This study also demonstrated the importance of modelling to help the farmer to cope with the weather and feed variation in climate vulnerable areas, allowing them to anticipate and adopt strategies to cope with drought more efficiently

Stabilized Forage Guarantee System: defi ning a forage storage capacity to stabilize livestock production in vulnerable ecosystems.

Abstract: Livestock production in semi-arid areas has been unpredictable due to climate variability, mainly rainfall. This study aims to simulate rangeland production variability aff ected by rainfall over time and relate it to an adjusted carrying capacity, using forage stock to maximize the potential of production of the system to a specifi c guarantee level. Regression analysis of forage biomass against rainfall was performed for ecological sites in the Brazilian semi-arid region to generate probability distribution curves for the historical rainfall for each location using Monte Carlo approach. Forage biomass variability estimated over time was used as input to the model. The system optimizes forage use at a sustainable stocking rate and uses forage surpluses in good years to fi ll defi cits during adverse years, due to a certain level of guarantee. As a rule, smallholder farmers would need to maintain a storage of around 1,500 kg ha-1 of DM of forage to maintain an adjusted carrying capacity of 0.11 animal units ha-1, with a guarantee of 95% in the long term, stressing the forage storage capacity as a central component of the model. Since farm size infl uences forage production capacity and mainly forage stock capacity, recommendations to cope with this paradigm are suggested. Resumo: A produção pecuária em regiões semiáridas tem sido imprevisível devido à variabilidade climática, principalmente quanto as chuvas. Este estudo tem como objetivo simular a variabilidade da produção de pastagens afetadas pela chuva ao longo do tempo e relacioná-la a uma capacidade de suporte ajustada, utilizando um estoque de forragem para maximizar o potencial de produção do sistema para um determinado nível de garantia. Análises de regressão da biomassa da forragem em relação à chuva foram realizadas para sítios ecológicos no Semiárido Brasileiro para gerar curvas de distribuição de probabilidade para a precipitação histórica para cada local usando a abordagem de Monte Carlo. A variabilidade da biomassa da forragem estimada ao longo do tempo foi usada como entrada para o modelo. O sistema otimiza o uso de forragem a uma taxa de lotação sustentável e usa sobras de forragem em anos bons para suprir déficits em anos adversos, dado um certo nível de garantia. Via de regra, os pequenos agricultores precisariam manter um armazenamento em torno de 1,500 kg ha-1 de MS de forragem para manter uma capacidade de carga ajustada de 0,11 unidades animais ha-1, com garantia de 95% no longo prazo, frisando a capacidade de armazenamento de forragem como componente central do modelo. Como o tamanho da fazenda influencia a capacidade de produção de forragem e, principalmente, do estoque de forragem, recomendações para lidar com este paradigma são sugeridas

Modelling \u3ci\u3eLeucaena\u3c/i\u3e Biomass Under Rainfed Production Systems of Semiarid Regions

The climatic variability of semiarid regions is the main source of uncertainties associated with forage and animal production, indicating a need for tools that accurately estimate forage production in order to construct a forage budgeting plan for livestock. This study simulated the biomass of Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) using the PHYGROW model in four locations located in Brazilian Semiarid. The work was carried out based on field data collected from 2019 to 2021. After sowing in 2018, leucaena was harvested when it reached 200 cm and to a target residual height of 70 cm. The biomass (fresh matter) was weighed, sampled and dried to obtain the total forage biomass (BFT) of each sample. The BFT was also estimated using the PHYGROW model, with field data being used to parameterize, calibrate and validate the model. The model performance, in turn, was evaluated based on the mean forecast error (BIAS %), root mean square error (RMSE) and Willmott index. Afterwards, a BFT time series was downloaded for each location, with the highest biomass simulated for each year being evaluated in the @Risk regarding their probability distribution. Thereafter, probability calculations of biomass production were performed, based on different levels of warranty in SigmaPlot software (11.0). The model underestimated the BFT collected in two locations and overestimated BFT in the others. The Weibull function was the best one to describe the data. Regarding biomass production under a 95% natural warranty, it was observed that leucaena showed low variation among locations (2240 ± 752 kg of DM ha-1 year-1 ). The PHYGROW model accurately predicted the leucaena BFT which, in turn, demonstrated significant adaptation potential to the various soil and climate conditions of Brazilian Semiarid. The use of probability analysis can contribute to forage planning, thus reducing the uncertainties related to climate variability, especially in rainfed production systems of dry areas

Accumulation and export of nutrients in cactus pear cladodes (Opuntia ficus-indica) under different managements in the Brazilian Semiarid.

Abstract: The present study evaluated the accumulation and export of nutrients in cactus pear (Opuntia ficus-indica) cv. Gigante, fertilized with combinations of nitrogen (10, 70, 100, 130, and 190 kg ha -1 year -1 N) and phosphorus (10, 70, 100, 130, and 190 kg ha -1 year -1 P2O5) under annual and biennial harvests, in Quixadá and Tejuçuoca, using a split-plot randomized block design with four replications. In Quixadá, under annual and biennial harvests, the following orders of accumulation of macronutrients (in kg ha -1 year -1) were found, respectively: K (98.8) > Ca (87.2) > N (46.7) > Mg (26.8) > S (18.4) > P (2.04) and Ca (33.5) > K (31.1) > S (18.6) > N (12.9) > Mg (10.5) > P (0.81). In Tejuçuoca, under annual and biennial harvests, the orders of accumulation of macronutrients were, respectively: K (146.5) > Ca (204.6) > N (128.1) > Mg (75.8) > S (50.3) > P (3.7) and K (397.2) > N (191.3) > S (241.2) > Ca (167.8) > Mg (131.0) > P (14.1). The maintenance/production fertilization in cactus pear should be planned according to productive potential, fertilization and harvest managements, and cultivation region, based on nutritional requirement and considering the nutrient recovery efficiency

Modeling the water balance of a ruminant production system in the semi-arid region.

In the Brazilian semi-arid region, most cattle properties that use small dams as a source of water are unaware of the water balance of this system, which makes it difficult to plan and use this resource rationally. In this context, the objective was to demonstrate the impact of water consumption from a ruminant production system in a small reservoir. The water use model was developed using the Vensim PLE™ software for a hypothetical farm located in Petrolina, Pernambuco State, Brazil. The reservoir capacity and evaporation, infiltration and runoff rates were estimated from the literature and rainfall was estimated using the probability density function in the @RISK© software. The use of irrigation, water consumption of the family and farm, and water consumption by goats, sheep and cattle were estimated from the literature. In the horizon of 30 years, in only five of these the maximum capacity of the reservoir was reached. In the most demanding water scenarios, years are observed in which the reservoir dries up completely, making animal production unfeasible. Using the proposed model, it was possible to estimate, using real indicators, combinations to find the best way to use water, depending on the type of herd and the use of irrigation

Search for sources of resistance to meloidogyne enterolobii in commercial and wild tomatoes.

The main objective of the present work was to evaluate a large Solanum (section Lycopersicon) germplasm (comprising nine species and one botanic variety) aiming to identify useful sources of resistance to M. enterolobii

Lipoprotein metabolism in patients with type 1 diabetes under intensive insulin treatment

Background\ud Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) is frequently accompanied by dyslipidemia related with insulin-dependent steps of the intravascular lipoprotein metabolism. T1DM dyslipidemia may predispose to precocious cardiovascular disease and the lipid status in T1DM under intensive insulin treatment has not been sufficiently explored. The aim was to investigate the plasma lipids and the metabolism of LDL and HDL in insulin-treated T1DM patients with high glycemic levels.\ud \ud Methods\ud Sixteen male patients with T1DM (26 ± 7 yrs) with glycated hemoglobin >7%, and 15 control subjects (28 ± 6 yrs) were injected with a lipid nanoemulsion (LDE) resembling LDL and labeled with 14C-cholesteryl ester and 3H-free-cholesterol for determination of fractional clearance rates (FCR, in h-1) and cholesterol esterification kinetics. Transfer of labeled lipids from LDE to HDL was assayed in vitro.\ud \ud Results\ud LDL-cholesterol (83 ± 15 vs 100 ± 29 mg/dl, p=0.08) tended to be lower in T1DM than in controls; HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides were equal. LDE marker 14C-cholesteryl ester was removed faster from plasma in T1DM patients than in controls (FCR=0.059 ± 0.022 vs 0.039 ± 0.022h-1, p=0.019), which may account for their lower LDL-cholesterol levels. Cholesterol esterification kinetics and transfer of non-esterified and esterified cholesterol, phospholipids and triglycerides from LDE to HDL were also equal.\ud \ud Conclusion\ud T1DM patients under intensive insulin treatment but with poor glycemic control had lower LDL-cholesterol with higher LDE plasma clearance, indicating that LDL plasma removal was even more efficient than in controls. Furthermore, HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides, cholesterol esterification and transfer of lipids to HDL, an important step in reverse cholesterol transport, were all normal. Coexistence of high glycemia levels with normal intravascular lipid metabolism may be related to differences in exogenous insulin bioavailabity and different insulin mechanisms of action on glucose and lipids. Those findings may have important implications for prevention of macrovascular disease by intensive insulin treatment.This study was supported by Fundação do Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP), São Paulo, Brazil. Dr. Maranhão has a Research Award from Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Brasília, Brazil