Financial information and restructuring of spanish savings banks in a context of crisis. Changes in the regulation; content and evolution of FROB

The worsening of the financial crisis in September 2008, coinciding with the collapse of Lehman Brothers, set off unprecedented action in the European states to support the stability of their markets and financial institutions. Different forums asked for joint and faster implementation. This lead the Spanish authorities to take a series of measures. In the first part of this paper we make a theoretical review of previous studies at international level on early warning systems and about prediction of failure in the banking sector. No doubt it helps to situate and understand better the later Spanish analysis, why it is necessary and its development. We also analyze the evolution of the Spanish financial system between 2008-2011 with the focus on explaining the reform and restructuring of savings banks. Specifically, a study of the accounting and financial standards evolution is made, as well as an examination of the changes in banking regulations that emerged during this period and the role of the Banking Management Restructuring Fund (FROB) and the Institutional Protection Systems (SIP).FROB, SIP, banking regulation changes, early warning systems.

Análisis de las variaciones en el nivel de actividad

En este trabajo se aborda la incidencia que tienen las variaciones en el nivel de actividad sobre los costes y más concretamente el análisis pormenorizado de los comúnmente denominados Costes de Subactividad. Para ello se inicia recordando el concepto de contabilidad de costes, el de resultado empresarial así como el de coste, ya que todos ellos clarifican y ayudan a enmarcar el tema abordado. Asimismo se analiza el efecto de estas variaciones en el nivel de actividad en los diferentes modelos de coste conocidos, realizando su análisis teórico acompañado de los necesarios ejemplos prácticos que lo aclaran y demuestran. Por último, se estudia, a modo de conclusión, la incidencia de los costes de subactividad en la valoración de existencias y determinación de resultados; terminando con la enumeración de las ideas principales vertidas a lo largo del artículo

Sustainability, corporate social responsibility, non-financial reporting and company performance: Relationships and mediating effects in Spanish small and medium sized enterprises

©2022. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ This document is the Submitted, Accepted, Published, version of a Published Work that appeared in final form in [Sustainable Production and Consumption]. To access the final edited and published work see[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2022.11.015]© 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Institution of Chemical Engineers. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by/4.0/). This document is the Accepted version of a Published Work that appeared in final form in Sustainable Production and Consumption. To access the final edited and published work see https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2022.11.015Sustainability, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), and non-financial reporting and their relationships with company performance are burning topics. Although all these terms are familiar to companies, specifically large ones, most European companies are small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), and studies explicitly addressing SMEs are limited. For this reason, this paper aims to fill the existent gap in the literature concerning SMEs by analyzing the relationship between sustainability, CSR, non-financial information, and performance. The objective of this study is to analyze several aspects: (1) The influence of pressures, incentives, and barriers on sustainability, (2) The influence of sustainability, CSR, and non-financial disclosure on performance, and (3) The mediating effect of CSR and non-financial disclosure. For this purpose, there has been an e-mail survey to managers, financial directors, or administration managers of Spanish SMEs. In addition, a Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) model has been used on a final sample of 126 Spanish SMEs. The study's main outcome is that sustainability positively influences CSR and non-financial reporting in the case of SMEs. Therefore, regardless of the specific characteristics derived from the size of the company and the possible lack of resources, the results for SMEs align with those of large companies obtained by previous studies. This study has important academic/theoretical implications for SME managers and policymakers because implementing policies encouraging CSR practices and sustainability strategies will create a better society and positively impact SMEs' performance. © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Institution of Chemical Engineers. This is an open acces

Las entidades financieras: análisis de sus estados financieros consolidados

En este trabajo reflejamos la situación actual de los grupos de entidades financieras en relación con su deber de consolidación. Partiendo del análisis de sus objetivos específicos, de la caracterización de las entidades financieras y sus grupos -con especial énfasis en la delimitación de su cambiante y abundante normativa-; llegamos a definir, en cada caso, el conjunto y perímetro de consolidación. Posteriormente, abordamos la información financiera consolidada exigida, tanto con carácter público como restringido, así como el contenido de las partidas que surgen específicamente del proceso de consolidación y su afectación en el cálculo de los recursos propios consolidados. Nuestro propósito pues, ha sido delimitar el campo de estudio y análisis de los grupos consolidables de entidades financieras, campo específico que necesita ser abordado con una mayor profusión por parte de los que investigamos en esta parcela de la ciencia contable

Las acciones constitucionales en procesos de restitución de inmueble arrendado

El presente artículo de revisión hace énfasis en la jurisprudencia que ha sacado la Corte Constitucional respaldando el mecanismo judicial de la tutela dentro de los procesos cuyo litigio corresponde a la restitución de bienes inmuebles arrendados, pero también ha hecho aclaraciones sobre esta, aclarando que es un mecanismo que actúa de forma excepcional, es decir, que esta no es la mejor vía para lograr la restitución del inmueble. De igual forma, corresponde a una reseña sobre los aspectos principales de estos procesos en los que se pretende restituir el inmueble arrendado, considerándolo con una amplitud de características que lo hacen único, generando entonces grandes controversias frente a la ponderación de derechos que se discuten en el mismo. De manera, que este escrito hace una descripción de las principales discusiones de este proceso judicial, como también de diversas posturas tanto doctrinales como jurisprudenciales del tema. Se utilizó la revisión de bibliografía, utilizando bases de datos, así como sentencias de la propia Corte Constitucional sobre este asunto.Universidad Libre - Facultad de Derecho - Especialización en Derecho ProcesalThis review article emphasizes the jurisprudence that the Constitutional Court itself has drawn up supporting the procedure of the guardianship action within processes of restitution of leased property, but it has also made clarifications that it is a mechanism that acts exceptionally, that this is not the best way to achieve the restitution of the property. In the same way, it corresponds to a description of the main characteristics of the process of restitution of the leased property, considering this process with a wide range of characteristics that make it unique, thus generating great controversies against the weighting of rights that are discussed in it. So, this writing makes a description of the main discussions of this judicial process, as well as various doctrinal and jurisprudential positions on the subject. The literature review was used, using databases, as well as Constitutional Court rulings on the subject

How do CEF.-UDIMA graduates evaluate sustainability in companies in accounting matters?

Incorporating corporate social responsibility (CSR) and Sustainability in the usual practice of companies is a challenge in today's society. University education is a fundamental pillar to meet this challenge, especially from the accounting area, which is responsible for a large part of measuring and evaluating the degree of implementation of CSR and Sustainability policies in organizations. The objective of this work is to know the opinion of the graduates of the degrees related to the accounting area of the CEF.-UDIMA group on the implications of the commitment to sustainable development strategies by companies and to verify if their assessment may be influenced by certain factors, such as their perception of the training received; the characteristics of the graduates, the degrees they have completed, or the work they do once they have finished their studies, among other aspects. To this end, issues related to CSR and sustainability assessment have been incorporated into the questionnaire of the labor insertion survey that the group issues annually, in this case, addressed to graduates in the last five years. By carrying out non-parametric tests, it will be determined if there is any association between the factors that characterize the graduates and their degree of agreement with the advantages of implementing CSR and sustainability strategies in the company from the point of view of the benefits dimension. Specifically, evaluations of graduates' opinions on the adoption by companies of sustainable development strategies and the advantages or benefits that this entails have been collected. The results of the study conclude that there is no relationship between the training received by the respondents (according to their perception) and the opinion they hold about the benefits provided by sustainable development and CSR strategies in organizations. The respondents' opinions do not change depending on their personal and/or work characteristics, except in the type of contract, since significant differences are observed between self-employed and temporary or those who do not work and among those who have an indefinite contract compared to temporary ones. Labor practices and the involvement and motivation of workers are essential in implementing sustainable development strategies in companies, so it is vital to know employees' opinions concerning the benefits of adopting this type of strategy in organizations to find out if there is any gap between the training they receive in CSR and Sustainability and the reality of the work environment, and to determine what factors can influence the beliefs and perceptions about Sustainability of employees. Most studies focus on employee-employee relations and human resource management policies that companies must follow to motivate employees toward sustainable development. However, other factors that may be influencing the predisposition of employees towards activity focused on Sustainability are not analyzed, so in this work, we intend to cover this gap, incorporating the study of variables such as personal and work characteristics of employees, linking them with the training received in accounting.2022-2

Sustainability in the waste management sector: an analysis through the gri reports

This paper aims to investigate the conditioning factors of the level and characteristics of the sustainability reports reported by companies in a sector on which, despite its relevance in terms of sustainability, there are hardly any studies that deal with this issue: the management sector waste. The study has been carried out on the basis of the reports reported by the companies in this sector in the GRI database. The background shows how certain factors that characterize the companies that issue sustainability reports influence the level of transparency or the level of voluntary disclosure and the characteristics of the reports issued. Specifically, much of the research finds evidence that relates these aspects to factors such as the country in which the company is located, its size, its public or private nature, or the fact that the company is listed on a stock exchange, characteristics that are analyzed in this study. To achieve the proposed objective, a statistical study is carried out on the reports reported in the GRI database for a sample of all the European companies in the waste management sector, through the statistical technique of Chi-square contrast on the independence of variables. The factors analyzed have been determined based on the experience of previous studies, as in the case of the country variable that has been characterized based on the Hofstede model of dimensions. The results obtained show that all the factors analyzed influence some of the elements selected for the characterization of the reports, specifically in the type of report, its level of adherence, the inclusion of the OECD guidelines, the mention of the UNGC pact or the existence of external verification.ASEPUC2022-2

The accounting reform in Spain. An analysis form the point of view of time and degree of knowledge of accountants

Purpose – The goal of this paper is to prove if there is a change in the Spanish professionals´ perception about the accounting reform in Spain due to the adaptation to IFRS, depending on when it is analysed, and also if this opinion depends on their degree of knowledge. Design/methodology/approach – We have used a survey done to the Spanish accountants in different four times after the accounting reform. Findings – It is obtained that the degree of knowledge of accountants increases after the first application of the new requirements and it affects their opinion about the accounting reform. It is important to highlight that the perceptions are not the same about each different aspect of accounting areas. Originality/value – Accountants play an important role in the accounting development and so it is valuable to know their opinion after an accounting reform when trying to get comparability with IFRS. Their perceptions are less critical when they have got experience about the new rules and prefer changing the national regulation to requiring directly IFRS in order to get this comparability