Comprehensive Characterization of Linalool-HP-beta-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexes

The objective of the present study is to obtain linalool- cyclodextrin (CDs) solid complexes for possible applications in the food industry. For this purpose, a detailed study of linalool complexation was carried out at different pH values, to optimize the type of CDs and reaction medium that support the highest quantity of encapsulated linalool. Once demonstrated the ability of hydroxypropyl- -cyclodextrin (HP-beta -CDs), to form inclusion complexes with linalool (KC = 921 +/- 21 L/mol) and given their greater complexation efficacy (6.788) at neutral pH, HP-beta -CDs were selected to produce solid inclusion complexes by using two different energy sources, ultrasounds and microwave irradiation, subsequently spraying the solutions obtained in the Spray Dryer. To provide scientific solidity to the experimental results, the complexes obtained were characterized by using different instrumental techniques in order to confirm the inclusion of linalool in the HP-beta -CDs hydrophobic cavity. The linalool solid complexes obtained were characterized by using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (ROSEY), differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetry and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. Moreover, the structure of the complex obtained were also characterized by molecular modeling.Ciencias de la Alimentació

Inhibition of Gastric Lipase as a Mechanism for Body Weight and Plasma Lipids Reduction in Zucker Rats Fed a Rosemary Extract Rich in Carnosic Acid

BACKGROUND: Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) extracts (REs) exhibit hepatoprotective, anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory properties and are widely used in the food industry. REs are rich in carnosic acid (CA) and carnosol which may be responsible for some of the biological activities of REs. The aim of this study was to investigate whether inhibition of lipase activity in the gut may be a mechanism by which a RE enriched in CA (40%) modulates body weight and lipids levels in a rat model of metabolic disorders and obesity. METHODS AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: RE was administered for 64 days to lean (fa/+) and obese (fa/fa) female Zucker rats and body weight, food intake, feces weight and blood biochemical parameters were monitored throughout the study. Lipase activity (hydrolysis of p-nitrophenylbutyrate) was measured in the gastrointestinal tract at the end of the study and the contents of CA, carnosol and methyl carnosate were also determined. Sub-chronic administration of RE moderately reduced body weight gain in both lean and obese animals but did not affect food intake. Serum triglycerides, cholesterol and insulin levels were also markedly decreased in the lean animals supplemented with RE. Importantly, lipase activity was significantly inhibited in the stomach of the RE-supplemented animals where the highest content of intact CA and carnosol was detected. CONCLUSIONS: Our results confirm that long-term administration of RE enriched in CA moderates weight gain and improves the plasma lipids profile, primarily in the lean animals. Our data also suggest that these effects may be caused, at least in part, by a significant inhibition of gastric lipase and subsequent reduction in fat absorption

Comprehensive Characterization of Linalool-HP-β-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexes

The objective of the present study is to obtain linalool- cyclodextrin (CDs) solid complexes for possible applications in the food industry. For this purpose, a detailed study of linalool complexation was carried out at different pH values, to optimize the type of CDs and reaction medium that support the highest quantity of encapsulated linalool. Once demonstrated the ability of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CDs), to form inclusion complexes with linalool (KC = 921 ± 21 L mol−1) and given their greater complexation efficacy (6.788) at neutral pH, HP-β-CDs were selected to produce solid inclusion complexes by using two different energy sources, ultrasounds and microwave irradiation, subsequently spraying the solutions obtained in the Spray Dryer. To provide scientific solidity to the experimental results, the complexes obtained were characterized by using different instrumental techniques in order to confirm the inclusion of linalool in the HP-β-CDs hydrophobic cavity. The linalool solid complexes obtained were characterized by using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (ROSEY), differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetry and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. Moreover, the structure of the complex obtained were also characterized by molecular modeling

Carvacrol and HP-β-Cyclodextrin Complexes: Extensive Characterization and Potential Cytotoxic Effect in Human Colorectal Carcinoma Cells

The aim of this study was to obtain solid carvacrol-cyclodextrin (CD) complexes for use in the pharmaceutical industry. To this end, the complexation of carvacrol at different pH values was studied in detail, to determine the type of CD and the reaction environment that supported the highest amount of encapsulated carvacrol. Evidence of the capability of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrins (HP-β-CD) to form inclusion complexes with carvacrol (KC = 5042 ± 176 L mol−1) and more high complexation efficiency (2.824) was demonstrated for HP-β-CDs using two different energy sources, ultrasound (US) (KC = 8129 ± 194 L mol−1 24 h) and microwave irradiation (MWI) (KC = 6909 ± 161 L mol−1), followed by spraying the resulting solution in a spray dryer. To confirm complex formation, the complexes were characterized using various instrumental methods to corroborate the carvacrol incorporation into the hydrophobic cavity of HP-β-CD. The obtained carvacrol solid complexes were analyzed by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (ROSEY), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) characterization. The structures of the resulting complexes were also characterized by molecular modeling. Furthermore, 1 mM HP-β-CD-carvacrol complex has been shown to reduce cell proliferation in HCT-116 colorectal cancer cells by 43%, much more than in a healthy lung fibroblast MRC-5 cell line (11%)

Effects of the consumption of RE on body weight (g) and food utility index (FUI) in Zucker female rats.

<p>Lean (Le) and obese (Ob) rats were fed the control diet (CT) or the diet supplemented with 0.05% of RE (RE) for 64 days. Data are presented as the mean value ± SD (n = 7 for lean animals and n = 5 for obese animals). * <i>P</i><0.05, ** <i>P</i><0.01 compared to their respective CT values.</p

Final body weight, organ and gut content weight for lean (Le) and obese (Ob) female Zucker rats fed the control diet (CT) or the diet supplemented with RE enriched in CA (40%).

<p>The content of CA, carnosol and methyl carnosate detected in these samples is also indicated.</p>a<p>: Organs and gut content were collected and weighed at the end of the experimental procedure.</p>b<p>: Values are the mean ± SD (n = 7 for lean animals and n = 5 for obese animals) and are expressed as g of fresh weight (f.w.);</p>c<p>: jejunum+ileum; N.D.: Not detected.</p

List of phenolic compounds identified in the rosemary extract (RE) by their retention times, UV-Vis and mass spectra and by the use of standards.

*<p>: shoulder</p

Effects of the consumption of RE on lipase activity in Zucker female rats.

<p>Lean (Le) and obese (Ob) rats fed the control diet (CT) or the diet supplemented with RE (RE). Activity (expressed in nkats/g) was measured as the hydrolysis of PNPB in a) stomach content, b) duodenum content, c) small intestine (jejunum+ileum) content, d) liver and e) pancreas. Data are presented as the mean value ± SD (n = 7 for lean animals and n = 5 for obese animals). ^#<i>P</i><0.1, * <i>P</i><0.05 and ** <i>P</i><0.01 compared to their respective CT values.</p

Main phenolic compounds present in the rosemary extract (RE).

<p>Chromatogram (285 nm) corresponding to the HPLC-DAD-MS analysis of the RE extract. The structure and peak identification of carnosol (peak 10) and CA (carnosic acid, peak 14) are indicated. Peak numbers correspond to each of the phenolic compounds identified in the extract and listed in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0039773#pone-0039773-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>.</p

Effects of the consumption of RE on plasma levels of the hepatic enzymes ALP and ALT (U/L) in Zucker female rats.

<p>Lean (Le) and obese (Ob) rats fed the control diet (CT) or the diet supplemented with RE (RE). Data are presented as the mean value ± SD (n = 7 for lean animals and n = 5 for obese animals). * <i>P</i><0.05 compared to their respective CT values.</p