Programa “Caritas felices” para desarrollar la creatividad en estudiantes de sexto de primaria de una institución educativa pública de Lima

El presente trabajo de investigación de título: Programa “Caritas felices” para desarrollar la creatividad en estudiantes de sexto de primaria de una institución educativa pública de Lima, cuyo objetivo general fue determinar la influencia del programa “Caritas felices” para desarrollar la creatividad en los estudiantes de sexto de primaria de una institución educativa pública de Lima. El enfoque de investigación es cuantitativo, el tipo de estudio fue aplicada y de diseño experimental, cuasiexperimental. Se tuvo como población a 92 estudiantes de sexto grado; de los cuales 36 estudiantes fueron considerados para la muestra de la investigación. Se utilizaron como instrumentos el módulo de 16 sesiones del programa “Caritas felices” y una prueba para evaluar indicadores básicos de creatividad- EIBC-R-M. Los resultados fueron analizados a través de estadística descriptiva, usando tablas de distribución de frecuencias y estadística inferencial, aplicando la prueba no paramétrica U de Mann-Whitney. De los resultados de las pruebas de hipótesis general se obtuvo una significancia de p =0.000 siendo ésta p<0.05 se interpreta que se debe aceptar la hipótesis de la investigadora. Infiriéndose que la aplicación del programa “Caritas felices” influye de manera significativa en la creatividad de los estudiantes de una institución educativa pública de Lima

Programa de autocontrol y su efecto sobre los niveles de agresividad en estudiantes de primero de secundaria de la I. E. “San Martín de Porres” UGEL 02 - 2015

El objetivo de la investigación fue comprobar la efectividad del programa de autocontrol en la modificación de los niveles de agresividad en los estudiantes del primer grado de educación secundaria de la I.E. “San Martín de Porres” UGEL 02– 2015. Consistió en una investigación aplicada, desarrollada con un diseño experimental de nivel cuasiexperimental, con una población de 60 estudiantes del primer grado de secundaria de la I. E. San Martín de Porres, y una muestra conformada por 44 estudiantes, divididos en dos grupos conformado por 22 estudiantes del grupo control y 22 estudiantes del grupo experimental. Se aplicó simultáneamente el pretest a ambos grupos, con el Cuestionario Modificado de Agresividad Buss-Durkee, que consta de 91 items, el instrumento cumple con la validez y coeficiente de confiabilidad ya que es un instrumento utilizado a nivel internacional; con el grupo experimental se trabajó el programa de autocontrol (12 talleres) a cargo de la investigadora y al grupo control no se le realizó ninguna aplicación; después de las 12 talleres, por último, se administra, también simultáneamente, el postest. Para el tratamiento estadístico se usó el software SPSS . versión 20 en español. Asimismo se organizaron en tablas y figuras la descripción de resultados y para la contrastación de hipótesis se utilizó la prueba no paramétrica U de Mann-Whitney según los resultados de prueba de normalidad. Los resultados demuestran que el programa de autocontrol modifica los niveles de agresividad en los estudiantes del primer grado de educación secundaria de la I.E. “San Martín de Porres” UGEL 02– 2015, según el nivel de significancia p = 0,000 menor que α (p < α) y Z = -5,006 menor que -1,96 (punto crítico) se rechaza la hipótesis nula y se acepta la H1

In Vitro Mutagenic and Genotoxic Assessment of a Mixture of the Cyanotoxins Microcystin-LR and Cylindrospermopsin

The co-occurrence of various cyanobacterial toxins can potentially induce toxic effects different than those observed for single cyanotoxins, as interaction phenomena cannot be discarded. Moreover, mixtures are a more probable exposure scenario. However, toxicological information on the topic is still scarce. Taking into account the important role of mutagenicity and genotoxicity in the risk evaluation framework, the objective of this study was to assess the mutagenic and genotoxic potential of mixtures of two of the most relevant cyanotoxins, Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and Cylindrospermopsin (CYN), using the battery of in vitro tests recommended by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) for food contaminants. Mixtures of 1:10 CYN/MC-LR (CYN concentration in the range 0.04-2.5 µg/mL) were used to perform the bacterial reverse-mutation assay (Ames test) in Salmonella typhimurium, the mammalian cell micronucleus (MN) test and the mouse lymphoma thymidine-kinase assay (MLA) on L5178YTk± cells, while Caco-2 cells were used for the standard and enzyme-modified comet assays. The exposure periods ranged between 4 and 72 h depending on the assay. The genotoxicity of the mixture was observed only in the MN test with S9 metabolic fraction, similar to the results previously reported for CYN individually. These results indicate that cyanobacterial mixtures require a specific (geno)toxicity evaluation as their effects cannot be extrapolated from those of the individual cyanotoxins.España Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad AGL2015-64558-

Depositional depth of laminated carbonate deposits: Insights from the lower Cretaceous Valdeprado formation (Cameros Basin, Northern Spain)

The Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian) Valdeprado Formation (Cameros Basin, northern Spain) contains more than 900 m of laminated carbonates and pseudomorphs after sulfates. Traditionally, many sedimentary packages of different ages and lithologies have been interpreted as deep-water deposits based essentially on the abundance of laminations and the absence of subaerial exposure features. In contrast, the Valdeprado Formation provides an example of a shallow-water deposit dominated by laminations with scarce evidence of subaerial exposure, and gives criteria to solve the challenge of distinguishing shallow-water and deep-water, ancient laminated deposits. The two most abundant facies all along the Valdeprado Formation are: a) parallel-laminated limestone, formed by alternating carbonate mudstone and calcite and quartz pseudomorphs after displacive gypsum, and b) graded-laminated limestone, consisting of quartz, mica, ostracodes, and pseudomorphs after detrital gypsum grains at the base, which changes gradually upwards to carbonate mudstone. Parallel-laminated limestone and graded-laminated limestone could have been deposited in either deep or shallow environments as a result of salinity fluctuations driven by alternation of flooding and evaporation and by sediment resuspension processes, respectively. Subaerial exposure features, such as desiccation mudcracks, are scarce in most of the succession, except in a few meter-scale stratigraphic intervals where they are very abundant. Interestingly, in these intervals desiccation cracks are present at the tops of several successive laminae (up to 25 mudcracked laminae per meter of deposit), indicating that, at least during those periods of time, deposition occurred in shallow water bodies that were desiccated frequently. In the upper part of the stratigraphic section, parallel-laminated and graded-laminated limestones are associated with current-ripple and wave-ripple cross-laminated arenites, and ostracode mudstone to wackestone with centimeter-size pseudomorphs after lenticular gypsum, and abundant desiccation mudcracks and tepees, which also suggest sedimentation in shallow-water environments. Moreover, the laminated carbonates display continuous, parallel layering, and the same facies along the 40-km-long outcropping area. These deposits are directly interbedded with, and pass laterally to, siliciclastic sandy–muddy flat deposits in the western area of the basin, without clinoforms, slump structures, or slide masses in between. All of these features suggest deposition in shallow, perennial carbonate–sulfate water bodies and their peripheral mudflats, developed in a flat-bottomed basin with no marked gradients

Calcareous algae (dasycladales and charophytes), essential for the sedimentological interpretation of ancient coastal-lakes systems. The Barremian-Aptian Leza Fm., Cameros Basin, N Spain

Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y PaleontologíaFac. de Ciencias GeológicasTRUEpu

‘Trapping and binding’: A review of the factors controlling the development of fossil agglutinated microbialites and their distribution in space and time

Trapping and binding of allochthonous grains by benthic microbial communities has been considered a fundamental process of microbialite accretion since its discovery in popular shallow-marine modern examples (Bahamas and Shark Bay). However, agglutinated textures are rare in fossil microbialites and, thus, the role of trapping and binding has been debated in the last four decades. Recently, renewed attention on this subject has produced new findings of fossil agglutinated microbialites (those mainly formed by ‘trapping and binding’ and analogous to modern examples), but they are still few and geologically recent (mainly post-Paleozoic) when compared to the 3.5 Gyr long record of microbialites. In order to better understand this discrepancy between modern and fossil examples, an extensive literature review is presented here, providing the first thorough database of agglutinated microbialites, which shows that all of them are formed in shallow-marine environments and most under tidal influence. In addition, a Lower Cretaceous example is described, including very diverse microbialites, each of them formed in a particular paleoenvironment. Some of these microbialites developed in grainy settings, but only those formed in marginal-marine tide-influenced environments accreted mainly by trapping and binding the surrounding grains, being analogous of modern agglutinated microbialites, and matching the environmental pattern observed in the literature database. The combination of the literature review with the case study allows to discuss the factors that control and enhance ‘trapping and binding’: a) occurrence of grains in the microbialite environment; b) frequent currents that mobilize the grains and supply them onto the microbialite surface; c) high concentration and diversity of electrolytes in the water to increase the adhesiveness of the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of the microbialite surface; and d) a CaCO3 saturation state not high enough to promote early and strong carbonate precipitation within EPS, which would eventually decrease its availability to adhere grains. Therefore, this review shows that the keys to solve the ‘trapping and binding’ debate may be environmental, because the conjuction of these hydrodynamic and hydrochemical parameters is preferentially achieved in shallow-marine settings and especially in those influenced by tides, at least since Mesozoic times. This explains the limited environmental and stratigraphic distribution of microbialites mainly formed by ‘trapping and binding’, and opens new ways to look, geologically and microbiologically, at this process, so often cited and yet so rare

New Method for Simultaneous Determination of Microcystins and Cylindrospermopsin in Vegetable Matrices by SPE-UPLC-MS/MS

Cyanotoxins are a large group of noxious metabolites with different chemical structure and mechanisms of action, with a worldwide distribution, producing effects in animals, humans, and crop plants. When cyanotoxin-contaminated waters are used for the irrigation of edible vegetables, humans can be in contact with these toxins through the food chain. In this work, a method for the simultaneous detection of Microcystin-LR (MC-LR), Microcystin-RR (MC-RR), Microcystin-YR (MC-YR), and Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) in lettuce has been optimized and validated, using a dual solid phase extraction (SPE) system for toxin extraction and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) for analysis. Results showed linear ranges (5–50 ng g−1 f.w.), low values for limit of detection (LOD) (0.06–0.42 ng g−1 f.w.), and limit of quantification (LOQ) (0.16–0.91 ng g−1 f.w.), acceptable recoveries (41–93%), and %RSDIP values for the four toxins. The method proved to be robust for the three variables tested. Finally, it was successfully applied to detect these cyanotoxins in edible vegetables exposed to cyanobacterial extracts under laboratory conditions, and it could be useful for monitoring these toxins in edible vegetables for better exposure estimation in terms of risk assessment.España MINECO AGL2015-64558-

Carbonate laminae recorded in a siliciclastic tidal flat colonized by microbial mats

Microbial mats in siliciclastic coastal environments are considered as non-lithifying systems that lack the potential for calcification. This work documents precipitation and preservation of well-defined, laterally continuous carbonate laminae in low-relief microbial mats from a siliciclastic supratidal flat in northern Patagonia (Paso Seco, Argentina). Petrographic, epifluorescence, and SEM-EDS studies of surficial and buried microbial mats show that they are composed of repeated sediment sequences comprised of four different types of laminae, which are, from base to top: (A) a sand and silt lamina, (B) a lamina largely composed of organic matter displaying moulds of subvertical cyanobacteria filaments, (C) a lamina composed of dense micritic carbonate, which is cut by moulds of vertical cyanobacteria filaments, and (D) a lamina composed of organic matter containing abundant horizontal cyanobacteria filaments. The formation of each different lamina is strongly controlled by the environmental conditions, characterized by episodic seawater flooding, followed by several days to weeks in which water remains covering the sediment and gradually evaporates producing a salinity increase and the precipitation of calcite, gypsum and halite. Thus, the basal sand and silt lamina forms as the result of the transport of siliciclastic grains and particles during seawater flooding. The overlying lamina B, composed of organic matter with moulds of subvertical cyanobacteria filaments, is formed when calm water conditions are recovered and organic material is produced by photosynthetic microbial activity. The following lamina C, composed of dense micritic carbonate, precipitates when the salinity of stagnant water reaches CaCO3 supersaturation. Finally, the uppermost lamina D, composed of organic matter with horizontal cyanobacteria filaments, is developed while the sediment surface is drying and gypsum and halite precipitate, although these minerals are not preserved in the sediment because they dissolve during subsequent inundations. All these observations show that well-developed, laterally-continuous carbonate laminae may be formed and preserved in a siliciclastic tidal environment if biotic and abiotic sedimentary processes closely interact to create the required conditions. The studied microbial mats increase sediment impermeability, which favours water retention in the flat and, thus, subsequent evaporation of the retained seawater. Moreover, microbial cells and EPS (extracellular polymeric substance) suspended in seawater might act as nuclei for CaCO3 precipitation, which will later settle down on the microbial mat. In addition, EPS of the microbial mats may also serve as nucleus for in situ carbonate precipitation.Fil: Maisano, Lucia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Geología; ArgentinaFil: Quijada, Isabel Emma. Universidad de Oviedo; EspañaFil: Cuadrado, Diana Graciela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Geología; ArgentinaFil: Perillo, Vanesa Liliana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia; ArgentinaFil: Pan, Jeronimo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Geología de Costas y del Cuaternario. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto de Geología de Costas y del Cuaternario; ArgentinaFil: Martinez, Ana María. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Química; Argentin

Influence of refrigeration and freezing in Microcystins and Cylindrospermopsin concentrations on fish muscle of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and tench (Tinca tinca)

The consumption of fish contaminated with cyanotoxins is an important public health issue due to their potential adverse effects. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of refrigeration (4 °C) and freezing (−20 °C) on the concentration of Cylindrospermopsin (CYN), Microcystins (MCs) and their combination in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and tench (Tinca tinca). Fish muscle were spiked with a stock solution of each toxin to reach 750 μg/g dry weight (d.w.). Three different periods of time were investigated for each treatment: 24 h, 48 h and 7 days for refrigeration, and 24 h, 7 days and 1 month for freezing. Samples were extracted and quantified by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography - Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The results showed that freezing for 1 month produced highest decreases of these toxins in both species in comparison to refrigeration, being CYN the most stable cyanotoxin. Moreover, MCs are more stable to storage processes in the mixtures than alone, and fish species is a factor to take into account in their stability. These findings highlight the need to assess the influence of food storage processes on the presence of cyanotoxins in fish species for a more realistic human health risk assessment.Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (PID2019-104890RB-I00 MICIN/ AEI/10.13039/ 501100011033