Effect of mao-A and mao-B inhibitors in ganglia and nerve endings

Se estudio el efecto de clorgilina y deprenil sobre la liberación y el metabolismo de 3H-noradrenalina (3H-NA) en elganglio superior (GCS) y en la membrana nictitante (MN) de gato. Nuestros resultados muestran que en el GCS,clorgilina y deprenil redujeron del mismo modo la formación de 3,4-dihidroxi-fenilglicol (DOPEG) mientras que enla MN la disminución del DOPEG fue mayor con clorgilina que con deprenil. En el GCS la monoaminooxidasa(MAO) A y B cataliza la deaminación de NA a 3H-DOPEG, a 3H-3,4-acido-dihidroximandílico (3H-DOMA) o a losmetabolitos 3H—O-metilados deaminados (3H-OMDA). En la MN la MAO-A presináptica cataliza la deaminaciónde NA principalmente a 3H-DOPEG, la MAO-B postsináptica a 3H-NMN y; la MAO-A y B a 3H-DOMA y 3H-OMDA

Gonzalo in the Middle Kingdom: What Abimael Guzmán Tells Us in His Three Discussions of His Two Trips to China

While thousands of Latin Americans traveled to China during the Mao years (1949-1976) to learn from the experience of the Chinese Revolution, only Abimael Guzmán went on to lead a Maoist people’s war in his home country. Chinese records on Guzmán’s time in China are closed, but Guzmán has on three occasions talked in some detail or written about his experiences in China. This paper closely examines what Guzmán has said and written in order to better understand this pivotal time in the development of one of the most important figures in twentieth century Peruvian history.Mientras que miles de latinoamericanos viajaron a China durante los años de Mao (1949-1976) para aprender de la experiencia de la Revolución China, solo Abimael Guzmán llegó a dirigir una guerra popular maoísta en su país de origen. Los archivos chinos sobre el tiempo de Guzmán en China están cerrados, pero en tres ocasiones Guzmán ha hablado con algún detalle o escrito sobre sus experiencias en China. Este artículo examina de cerca lo que Guzmán ha dicho y escrito para comprender mejor este momento crucial en el desarrollo de una de las figuras más importantes de la historia peruana del siglo XX

Fractal space frames and metamaterials for high mechanical efficiency

A solid slender beam of length $L$, made from a material of Young's modulus $Y$ and subject to a gentle compressive force $F$, requires a volume of material proportional to $L^{3}f^{1/2}$ [where $f\equiv F/(YL^{2})\ll 1$] in order to be stable against Euler buckling. By constructing a hierarchical space frame, we are able to systematically change the scaling of required material with $f$ so that it is proportional to $L^{3}f^{(G+1)/(G+2)}$, through changing the number of hierarchical levels $G$ present in the structure. Based on simple choices for the geometry of the space frames, we provide expressions specifying in detail the optimal structures (in this class) for different values of the loading parameter $f$. These structures may then be used to create effective materials which are elastically isotropic and have the combination of low density and high crush strength. Such a material could be used to make light-weight components of arbitrary shape.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figure

Photometric properties and luminosity function of nearby massive early-type galaxies

We perform photometric analyses for a bright early-type galaxy (ETG) sample with 2949 galaxies ($M_{\rm r}<-22.5$ mag) in the redshift range of 0.05 to 0.15, drawn from the SDSS DR7 with morphological classification from Galaxy Zoo 1. We measure the Petrosian and isophotal magnitudes, as well as the corresponding half-light radius for each galaxy. We find that for brightest galaxies ($M_{\rm r}<-23$ mag), our Petrosian magnitudes, and isophotal magnitudes to 25 ${\rm mag/arcsec^2}$ and 1\% of the sky brightness are on average 0.16 mag, 0.20 mag, and 0.26 mag brighter than the SDSS Petrosian values, respectively. In the first case the underestimations are caused by overestimations in the sky background by the SDSS PHOTO algorithm, while the latter two are also due to deeper photometry. Similarly, the typical half-light radii ($r_{50}$) measured by the SDSS algorithm are smaller than our measurements. As a result, the bright-end of the $r$-band luminosity function is found to decline more slowly than previous works. Our measured luminosity densities at the bright end are more than one order of magnitude higher than those of Blanton et al. (2003), and the stellar mass densities at $M_{\ast}\sim 5\times10^{11} M_{\odot}$ and $M_{\ast}\sim 10^{12} M_{\odot}$ are a few tenths and a factor of few higher than those of Bernardi et al. (2010). These results may significantly alleviate the tension in the assembly of massive galaxies between observations and predictions of the hierarchical structure formation model.Comment: 43 pages, 14 figures, version accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journa

Almost sure exponential stability of numerical solutions for stochastic delay differential equations

Using techniques based on the continuous and discrete semimartingale convergence theorems, this paper investigates if numerical methods may reproduce the almost sure exponential stability of the exact solutions to stochastic delay differential equations (SDDEs). The important feature of this technique is that it enables us to study the almost sure exponential stability of numerical solutions of SDDEs directly. This is significantly different from most traditional methods by which the almost sure exponential stability is derived from the moment stability by the Chebyshev inequality and the Borel–Cantelli lemma

Benzopyran-2-ones as attractive scaffold for MAO inhibitors: synthesis, biological evaluation and docking studies

The 15th International Electronic Conference on Synthetic Organic Chemistry session Bioorganic, Medicinal and Natural ProductsNeurodegenerative diseases are becoming prevalent pathologies in developed societies due to increasing average of life expectancy of the population. This fact has encouraged an active research in the development of new drugs, since they may represent an important advance in the treatment of complex diseases such as Alzheimer and Parkinson\'s diseases. Coumarins are a large family of compounds, of both natural and synthetic origin, important because of the pharmacological activities that this compounds display. Therefore, they occupy an important place in the organic and medicinal chemistry realm. In recent years, coumarins have been attracting interest because of their ability of inhibiting some enzymes. The versatility of the Perkin and Knoevenagel reactions has led to a large family of differently substituted compounds. In order to find the structural features for the human MAO inhibitory activity and selectivity, in the present communication we report the synthesis, pharmacological evaluation and a comparative study of a new series of 3-phenylcoumarins versus 3-benzoylcoumarins. A bromo atom and a methoxy/hydroxy substituent were introduced in these scaffolds at different positions of the coumarin moiety. The synthesized compounds were evaluated as MAO-A and B inhibitors using R-(-)-deprenyl and iproniazide as reference compounds. The presence or absence of a carbonyl group between the coumarin and the phenyl substituent in 3 position remarks, respectively, the MAO-A or MAO-B inhibitory activity. Some of the new compounds showed MAO-B inhibitory activities in the low nanomolar range. Compound 2 (IC50 = 1.35 nM) showed higher inhibitory activity than the R-(-)-deprenyl (IC50 = 19.60 nM) and higher MAO-B selectivity, with more than 74,074-fold inhibition level, respecting to the MAO-A isoform. In addition, docking experiments were carried out on hMAO-A and h-MAO-B structures. This study has provided new information about the enzyme-inhibitor interaction and the potential therapeutic application of this coumarin scaffoldsThanks to the Ministerio Español se Sanidad Y Consumo (PS09/00501) and to Xunta de Galicia (PGIDIT09CSA030203PR and 10PXIB203303PR). S.V.R. thanks to Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia for a PhD grant (AP2008-04263). M.J.M. thanks Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia for a PhD grant (SFRH/BD/61262/2009)