Artificial Intelligence-Enabled ECG Algorithm Based on Improved Residual Network for Wearable ECG

Heart disease is the leading cause of death for men and women globally. The residual network (ResNet) evolution of electrocardiogram (ECG) technology has contributed to our understanding of cardiac physiology. We propose an artificial intelligence-enabled ECG algorithm based on an improved ResNet for a wearable ECG. The system hardware consists of a wearable ECG with conductive fabric electrodes, a wireless ECG acquisition module, a mobile terminal App, and a cloud diagnostic platform. The algorithm adopted in this study is based on an improved ResNet for the rapid classification of different types of arrhythmia. First, we visualize ECG data and convert one-dimensional ECG signals into two-dimensional images using Gramian angular fields. Then, we improve the ResNet-50 network model, add multistage shortcut branches to the network, and optimize the residual block. The ReLu activation function is replaced by a scaled exponential linear units (SELUs) activation function to improve the expression ability of the model. Finally, the images are input into the improved ResNet network for classification. The average recognition rate of this classification algorithm against seven types of arrhythmia signals (atrial fibrillation, atrial premature beat, ventricular premature beat, normal beat, ventricular tachycardia, atrial tachycardia, and sinus bradycardia) is 98.3%

Fully Photonic Integrated Wearable Optical Interrogator

Wearable technology constitutes a pioneering and leading innovation and a market development platform worldwide for technologies worn close to the body. Wearable optical fiber sensors have the most value for advanced multiparameter sensing in digital health monitoring systems. We demonstrated the first example of a fully integrated optical interrogator. By integrating all the optical components on a silicon photonic chip, we realized a stable, miniaturized and low-cost optical interrogator for the continuous, dynamic, and long-term acquisition of human physiological signals. The interrogator was integrated in a wristband, enabling the detection of body temperature and heart sounds. Our study paves the way for the development of watch-sized integrated wearable optical interrogators with potential applications in health monitoring and can be directly exploited for the customized design of ultraminiaturized optical interrogator systems.H.L. acknowledges the support from the Tianjin Talent Special Support Program. J.D.P.G. acknowledges the support from the Serra Hunter Program, the ICREA Academia Program, and the Tianjin Distinguished University Professor Program. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 61675154), the Tianjin Key Research and Development Program (no. 19YFZCSY00180), the Tianjin Major Project for Civil-Military Integration of Science and Technology (no. 18ZXJMTG00260), the Tianjin Science and Technology Program (no. 20YDTPJC01380), and the Tianjin Municipal Special Foundation for Key Cultivation of China (no. XB202007)

Association of HLA-A, B, DRB1 alleles and haplotypes with HIV-1 infection in Chongqing, China

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The human immunodeficiency virus type 1(HIV-1) epidemic in Chongqing, China, is increasing rapidly with the dominant subtype of CRF07_BC over the past 3 years. Since human leukocyte antigen (HLA) polymorphisms have shown strong association with susceptibility/resistance to HIV-1 infection from individuals with different ethnic backgrounds, a recent investigation on frequencies of HLA class I and class II alleles in a Chinese cohort also indicated that similar correlation existed in HIV infected individuals from several provinces in China, however, such information is unavailable in Chongqing, southwest China.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>In this population-based study, we performed polymerase chain reaction analysis with sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes (PCR-SSOP) for intermediate-low-resolution HLA typing in a cohort of 549 HIV-1 infected individuals, another 2475 healthy subjects from the Han nationality in Chongqing, China, were selected as population control. We compared frequencies of HLA-A, B, DRB1 alleles, haplotypes and genotypes between the two groups, and analyzed their association with HIV-1 susceptibility or resistance.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The genetic profile of HLA (A, B, DRB1) alleles of HIV-1 infected individuals from Chongqing Han of China was obtained. Several alleles of HLA-B such as B*46 (P = 0.001, OR = 1.38, 95%CI = 1.13-1.68), B*1501G(B62) (P = 0.013, OR = 1.42, 95%CI = 1.08-1.88), B*67 (P = 0.022, OR = 2.76, 95%CI = 1.16-6.57), B*37 (P = 0.014, OR = 1.93, 95%CI = 1.14-3.28) and B*52 (P = 0.038, OR = 1.64, 95%CI = 1.03-2.61) were observed to have association with susceptibility to HIV-1 infection in this population. In addition, the haplotype analysis revealed that A*11-B*46, A*24-B*54 and A*01-B*37 for 2-locus, and A*11-B*46-DRB1*09, A*02-B*46-DRB1*08, A*11-B*4001G-DRB1*15, A*02-B*4001G-DRB1*04, A*11-B*46-DRB1*08 and A*02-B*4001G-DRB1*12 for 3-locus had significantly overrepresented in HIV-1 infected individuals, whereas A*11-B*1502G, A*11-B*1502G-DRB1*12 and A*33-B*58-DRB1*13 were underrepresented. However, the low-resolution homozygosity of HLA-A, B, DRB1 loci and HLA-Bw4/Bw6 genotypes did not differ significantly between the two groups.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>These results may contribute to the database of HLA profiles in HIV-1 infected Chinese population, consequently, the association of certain HLA alleles with susceptibility or resistance to HIV-1 infection would provide with clues in choosing proper preventive strategies against HIV-1 infection and developing effective HIV-1 vaccines in Chinese population, especially for those in southwest China.</p

DeepStSNet: Reconstructing the quantum state-resolved thermochemical nonequilibrium flowfield using deep neural operator learning with scarce data

The hypersonic flow is in a thermochemical nonequilibrium state due to the high temperature caused by the strong shock compression. In a thermochemical nonequilibrium flow, the distribution of molecular internal energy levels strongly deviates from the equilibrium distribution (i.e., the Boltzmann distribution). It is intractable to directly obtain the microscopic nonequilibrium distribution from existed experimental measurements usually described by macroscopic field variables such as temperature or velocity. Motivated by the idea of deep multi-scale multi-physics neural network (DeepMMNet) proposed in [1], we develop in this paper a data assimilation framework called DeepStSNet to accurately reconstruct the quantum state-resolved thermochemical nonequilibrium flowfield by using sparse experimental measurements of vibrational temperature and pre trained deep neural operator networks (DeepONets). In particular, we first construct several DeepONets to express the coupled dynamics between field variables in the thermochemical nonequilibrium flow and to approximate the state-to-state (StS) approach, which traces the variation of each vibrational level of molecule accurately. These proposed DeepONets are then trained by using the numerical simulation data, and would later be served as building blocks for the DeepStSNet. We demonstrate the effectiveness and accuracy of DeepONets with different test cases showing that the density and energy of vibrational groups as well as the temperature and velocity fields are predicted with high accuracy. We then extend the architectures of DeepMMNet by considering a simplified thermochemical nonequilibrium model, i.e., the 2T model, showing that the entire thermochemical nonequilibrium flowfield is well predicted by using scattered measurements of full or even partial field variables. We next consider a more accurate and complex thermochemical nonequilibrium model, i.e., the StS-CGM model, and develop a DeepStSNet for this model. In this case, we employ the coarse-grained method, which divides the vibrational levels into groups (vibrational bins), to alleviate the computational cost for the StS approach in order to achieve a fast but reliable prediction with DeepStSNet. We test the present DeepStSNet framework with sparse numerical simulation data showing that the predictions are in excellent agreement with the reference data for test cases. We further employ the DeepStSNet to assimilate a few experimental measurements of vibrational temperature obtained from the shock tube experiment, and the detailed non-Boltzmann vibrational distribution of molecule oxygen is reconstructed by using the sparse experimental data for the first time. Moreover, by considering the inevitable uncertainty in the experimental data, an average strategy in the predicting procedure is proposed to obtain the most probable predicted fields. The present DeepStSNet is general and robust, and can be applied to build a bridge from sparse measurements of macroscopic field variables to a microscopic quantum state-resolved flowfield. This kind of reconstruction is beneficial for exploiting the experimental measurements and uncovering the hidden physicochemical processes in hypersonic flows. & COPY; 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved

Clutter and Range Ambiguity Suppression Using Diverse Pulse Train in Pulse Doppler System

Pulse Doppler (PD) systems are widely used for moving target detection, especially in scenarios with clutter. Range ambiguity, which arises from fixed parameters in waveforms, is an inherent drawback in conventional systems. By using a diverse pulse train such as a train of coherent diverse phase coded pulses, these ambiguous peaks can be suppressed effectively but at the cost of sidelobe dispersions. In this work, a novel efficient PD process is proposed to suppress range ambiguity and detect moving targets under strong clutter. Poly-phase coded pulses are employed along with optimal receiving filters, by which the dispersed sidelobes are mitigated to a great extent. Moreover, a novel clutter suppression procedure is included in the PD process, by which strong clutter can be greatly suppressed. Well-designed receiving and inverse filters are employed. Simulation examples are presented to verify the theories. Compared with conventional methods, much better detection results are obtained for both near and remote targets, especially in scenarios with strong clutter

Eco-environment and coupling coordination and quantification of urbanization in Yangtze River delta considering spatial non-stationarity

Since the 21st century, the rapid development of China’s mega-city clusters has posed a major threat to the healthy and coordinated development of cities. Therefore, it is necessary to be develop the comprehend the state of coupling coordination among mega-city cluster and EEQ under mesoscale. In this study, the largest Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration is taken as the research object, NS-RSEI is constructed to evaluate the EEQ of the Yangtze River Delta, and the coupling coordination mechanism on the long-time series of the Yangtze River Delta in recent 20 years is explored by means of spatio-temporal analysis. The outcome verify that CCD of the Yangtze River Delta growth with a strong spatial dependence from 2001 to 2020, showing a spatial distribution pattern of " East West high-low". Above all, this study shows that urbanization is the main factor determining the development of CCD. In addition, compared with the traditional remote sensing eco-environment monitoring model, NS-RSEI proposed in this study shows better ability in mesoscale environmental monitoring, and provides great convenience for mesoscale EEQ evaluation. This study fills the research gap of the interactive coupling mechanism between urbanization and eco-environment quality of mesoscale mega-city group, and provides a new perspective on the sustainable development of megacity clusters

Enhanced Horizontal Transfer of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Freshwater Microcosms Induced by an Ionic Liquid

<div><p>The spread and propagation of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) is a worldwide public health concern. Ionic liquids (ILs), considered as “environmentally friendly” replacements for industrial organic solvents, have been widely applied in modern industry. However, few data have been collected regarding the potential ecological and environmental risks of ILs, which are important for preparing for their potential discharge into the environment. In this paper, the IL 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([BMIm][PF6]) (0.001-5.0 g/L) was tested for its effects on facilitating ARGs horizontal transfer mediated by plasmid RP4 in freshwater microcosms. In the horizontal transfer microcosms, the transfer frequency of plasmid RP4 was significantly enhanced (60-fold higher than untreated groups) by the IL [BMIm][PF6] (1.0 g/L). Meanwhile, two strains of opportunistic pathogen <i>Acinetobacter</i> spp. and <i>Salmonella</i> spp. were isolated among the transconjugants, illustrating plasmid RP4 mediated horizontal transfer of ARGs occurred in pathogen. This could increase the risk of ARGs dissemination to human pathogens and pose great threat to public health. The cause that [BMIm[PF6] enhanced the transfer frequency of plasmid RP4 was proposed by suppressed cell membrane barrier and enhanced cell membrane permeability, which was evidenced by flow cytometry (FCM). This is the first report that some ILs facilitate horizontal transfer of plasmid RP4 which is widely distributed in the environment and thus add the adverse effects of the environmental risk of ILs.</p></div

The changes in the number of the donors, the cultivable recipients and the transconjugants during plasmid RP4 horizontal transfer when treated with (a) 1.0 g/L of [BMIm][PF6] and (b) control (0 g/L of [BMIm][PF6]).

<p>The changes in the number of the donors, the cultivable recipients and the transconjugants during plasmid RP4 horizontal transfer when treated with (a) 1.0 g/L of [BMIm][PF6] and (b) control (0 g/L of [BMIm][PF6]).</p

The horizontal transfer of plasmid RP4 from <i>E</i>.<i>coil</i> K12 to <i>Salmonella</i> spp. and from <i>E</i>.<i>coil</i> K12 to <i>microbacterium</i> spp. was affected by [BMIm][PF6] concentration mated for 16 h at pH 7.0 and 30°C.

<p>The concentration of [BMIm][PF6] had a significant effect on the transfer frequency of the plasmid RP4 (ANOVA, P < 0.05). Significant differences between the single concentration groups and the control groups (0 g/L group) were tested with the Student-Newman-Keuls (S-N-K) test, *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01.</p