THE EFFECTS OF EDUCATION ON YOUTH CRIME PARTICIPATION USING SELF-REPORTED DATA FROM NLSY97

This paper empirically examines the impacts of education on crime participation among youth aged between 18 -24, using data from National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 97(NLSY97). First, it estimates the reduction effects of high school graduation on general crime participation, which shows significant negative effects. Then this paper predicts the effects of high school graduation on three types of crime. A robust finding is that all of the three types of crimes are negative associated with high school graduation whether or not controlling family background and cognitive skill. Also, this paper classifies education level into three levels and predicts the effects of crime participation for each education level. The results reflect that more higher education level has larger crime reduction effects than lower education level. In order to check the robustness of the findings above, this paper explores the effects of high school graduation and ability on incarceration. The implications of these findings are clear and could give policy suggestion. That is, improving education could exert a key policy tool to reduce crime

The effect of Codonopis bulleynana Forest ex Diels on chronically constipated mice

To verify the laxative effect of Codonopsis bulleyana and its effect on intestinal microbiota, a long-term constipation model was established using 3.0 mg/kg loperamide hydrochloride, after which, the long-term constipation model was administered by 0.2 g/ml high-dose Codonopsis bulleyana water extract. The therapeutic effects were observed by measuring defecation amount and feces moisture content. The composition of intestinal microbiota was detected and analyzed using16S rDNA sequencing technology. The results showed that Codonopsis bulleyana water extract can increase stool quantity and promote intestinal tract movement in constipated mice. Obvious changes were shown in intestinal microbiota of chronically constipated mice treated with Codonopsis bulleyana water extract as the proportion of beneficial bacteria increased in the model treated by Codonopsis bulleyana. Codonopsis bulleyana water extract alleviates constipation symptoms caused by loperamide hydrochloride and improves the intestinal microbiota in constipated mice. Keyword: Codonopsis bulleyana, Long-term constipation, 16S rDNA, Intestinal microbiot