941 research outputs found

    The Relationship between Empathy and Theoretical Orientation of Counselors-in-training

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    This study examined the relationship between theoretical orientation and empathy levels of a group of 166 counselors-in-training. Participants’ responses to the Toronto Empathy Questionnaire (TEQ) and the Theoretical Evaluation Self-Test (TEST) were collected and analyzed. Only individual items from the TEQ were found to have a relationship with the theoretical orientation inclination responses on the TEST. However, a trend between humanistic theories and counselors-in-training theoretical orientation inclination seems to exist. The study concluded that counselors-in-training might need to develop self-awareness before selecting a theoretical orientation that fit. Incongruences were found between theoretical orientation selected in the demographic questionnaire and the results of the TEST. Implications for counselor educators and future research recommendations are discussed

    The Relationship between Empathy and Theoretical Orientation of Counselors-in-training

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    This study examined the relationship between theoretical orientation and empathy levels of a group of 166 counselors-in-training. Participants’ responses to the Toronto Empathy Questionnaire (TEQ) and the Theoretical Evaluation Self-Test (TEST) were collected and analyzed. Only individual items from the TEQ were found to have a relationship with the theoretical orientation inclination responses on the TEST. However, a trend between humanistic theories and counselors-in-training theoretical orientation inclination seems to exist. The study concluded that counselors-in-training might need to develop self-awareness before selecting a theoretical orientation that fit. Incongruences were found between theoretical orientation selected in the demographic questionnaire and the results of the TEST. Implications for counselor educators and future research recommendations are discussed

    Experiences of violent and property victimization in Santiago neighbourhoods: multilevel approaches to social disorganization theory and new ecological studies of crime

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    Social Disorganization Theory (SDT) stated that in poor and unstable neighbourhoods, residents may have difficulty developing and maintaining social order, due to the weaknesses of their social networks and the infrequent exercise of informal control. As a consequence, in those areas criminal victimization tends to be high and persists over time. Latin American poor neighbourhoods are often characterised by high residential stability, dense informal networks, strong social cohesion, and yet they often have high levels of violent crime, which constitutes a challenge for SDT. Studies from new ecological approaches have asserted that even if informal networks are weak, neighbours can engage in actions to prevent crimes when the form of intervention is appropriately targeted and the activity is conducted in a partnership with agencies of public control, such as the police or local authorities. Thereby, the general distrust in police and local authorities, and the weak nexus between those institutions and local communities, which characterize most poor areas of Latin-American cities, represent relevant obstacles for the encouragement of neighbours’ involvement in crime prevention initiatives. Despite the low rates of violent crimes in Chile, global figures tend to hide how complex the crime phenomenon is in the country, and particularly in Santiago city. In the capital and largest city of Chile, the distribution of High-Social-Impact crimes is highly unequal with a greater concentration of violent crimes in the most marginalized and poorest districts of the city. In this context is worth asking, to what extent do neighbourhood structural conditions, community-organizational mechanisms and new forms of public control influence the experiences of violent and property victimization in households of Santiago neighbourhoods? And, to what extent do such mechanisms mediate the relationship between structural conditions and the likelihood of being victim of a crime in Santiago neighbourhoods? To address these questions, the present study draws on an integral theoretical framework aimed at providing a holistic multilevel approach to explaining victimization risk across Santiago neighbourhoods. Data for this study are drawn from a community-survey of 5,860 persons (from 15 to 90 years old) who lived in 242 selected neighbourhoods of the Santiago city. The survey was conducted in 2010 by the Centre for Studies on Citizen Security (CESC), based at the University of Chile, in the context of their research project ‘Crime and Urban Violence’. The hierarchical structure of the data (incorporating both individual and neighbourhood level measures) and the adaptation of internationally validated measurements, presents an excellent opportunity to evaluate complex hypothesis with advanced statistical tools. The research has shown that in neighbourhoods with a high concentration of poverty and low residential stability the probability of being a victim of violent crime is greater than in rich areas. However, when people manifest positive sentiments toward their neighbourhood, perceive collaboration and social cohesion among neighbours, and have positive perceptions with respect to police responses, this largely mediates the negative effects of structural conditions on household victimization by violent crimes, thereby eliminating these effects. These findings have important policy implications. They suggest that in disadvantaged communities it is imperative that police and local authorities not only try to reduce crime through traditional approaches, but also improve trust and engagement of the public aiming to build sustainable partnerships

    Duelo complicado y depresión en personas de 18 años en adelante: una revisión sistemática

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    Antecedentes: el duelo complicado (DC) es una condición de dolor intenso y persistente durante más de seis meses posteriores a la pérdida, afectando el funcionamiento psicológico y cotidiano del sobreviviente. Objetivo general: determinar la prevalencia de DC y de depresión en personas de 18 años en adelante. Metodología: estudio observacional, revisión sistemática, en personas en duelo, de 18 años o más. La búsqueda se realizó en bases científicas como PubMed, ClinicalKey, Cochrane Library y ScienceDirect; incluyéndose treinta artículos observacionales en inglés, publicados a partir de 2016 y con calidad 1 y 2. La información fue redactada en base a la estrategia PICO y fue recopilada en tablas. Resultados: la edad predominante fue entre 41 a 49 años, género femenino, nivel de instrucción secundaria, y casados y viudos. Los factores de riesgo para DC fueron: síntomas depresivos anteriores y posteriores a la pérdida, trastorno depresivo mayor, discapacidad mental, pérdida de la pareja/hijo, ser cuidador principal y mal funcionamiento familiar. La prevalencia de DC y depresión mostró cifras variables (2,4 % a 86,5 %, y 1,5 % hasta 67,8 %, respectivamente). Conclusiones: DC es un trastorno único y diferente; su prevalencia depende de varios factores. Limitaciones: no existen criterios definidos para el diagnóstico de DC y de depresión; se usan instrumentos que difieren con la edad y el contexto de su aplicación. Al ser trastornos diferentes, cada uno puede aumentar el riesgo de desarrollar el otro.Background: Complicated Grief (CG) is a condition of intense and persistent pain for more than six months after the loss, affecting the psychological and daily functioning of the survivor. Objective: determine the prevalence of CG and depression in people aged 18 years and older. Methodology: observational study, systematic review, in grieving people, of age 18 years or older. Search was in scientific bases such as PubMed, ClinicalKey, Cochrane Library and ScienceDirect, including thirty observational studies, published in English, since 2016 and quality 1 and 2. The information was written in based on the PICO strategy and was compiled in tables. Results: the predominant age was between 41 to 49 years old, female gender, secondary level of education, and married and widowed. The risk factors for CG were: depressive symptoms before and after the loss, major depressive disorder, mental disability, loss of partner/child, being the main caregiver and worst family functioning. The prevalence of CG and depression showed variable figures (2,4 % to 86,5 %, and 1,5 % to 67,8 %, respectively). Conclusions: CG is a unique and different disorder. The prevalence depends on several factors. Limitations: there are no defined criteria for the diagnosis of CG and depression; instruments are used that differ with age and the context of their application. Being different disorders, each can increase the risk of developing the other.Especialista en Medicina Familiar y ComunitariaCuenc

    Auditoría de cumplimiento a los proyectos de inversión realizados por el Gobierno Autónomo Descentralizado de la parroquia Cotaló, cantón San Pedro de Pelileo, provincia de Tungurahua periodo 2015

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    La Auditoria de Cumplimiento al Gobierno Autónomo Descentralizado Parroquial Cotaló, Cantón San Pedro de Pelileo, Provincia de Tungurahua, periodo 2015, con el fin de establecer la economía de los recursos , así como la eficiencia y eficacia en el cumplimiento de metas institucionales. Se desarrolló mediante las Normas Técnicas de Auditoría Gubernamentales emitidas por la Contraloría General del Estado, se aplicó el Método COSO I evaluando sus cinco componentes se determinó el nivel de riesgo y confianza del control Interno, se estableció indicadores de gestión para medir el impacto de proyectos se evaluó el cumplimiento de leyes y reglamentos, con el finalidad de emitir el informe de Auditoria mediante ,conclusiones y recomendaciones encontradas en el desarrollo de la investigación, con el fin de que se cumpla con los objetivos y normativas vigentes. Se recomienda realizar periódicamente auditorías, ya sean externas o internas con el objetivo de mantener una permanente revisión y evaluación a los procesos administrativos y económicos a fin de mitigar posibles riesgos que podrían suscitarse en la entidad. Contratar un Técnico que realice la elaboración de proyectos para que se incluya la totalidad de los requisitos con la finalidad de que cumplan con lo que marca la normativa y no se presenten inconvenientes en evaluaciones futuras.A compliance audit of the Autonomous Decentralized Parochial Government of Cotalo, San Pedro de Pelileo Canton, Tungurahua Province, for the 2015 period, with the purpose of establishing an economy of resources, as well as the efficiency and effectiveness in the compliance of institutional goals. It was developed through Technical Standards of Governmental Audits emitted by the State General Comptroller where the COSO I method was applied. By evaluating its five components, the level of risk and internal control confidence was determined. Management indicators were established to measure the impact of projects. The compliance of laws and regulations were evaluated with the intent of emitting the Audit report through conclusions and recommendations found in the development of the investigation in order for the current objectives and regulations to be met. It is recommended to perform periodical audits, whether external or internal, with the purpose of maintaining a permanent revision and assessment of the administrative and economic processes in order to allay possible risks that could arise in the entity. To contract a Technician execute the elaboration of projects that includes the totality of the requisites with the purpose of accomplishing with what the standard states and to avoid hindrances in forthcoming evaluations

    EL DELITO CORPORATIVO Y EL COMPLIANCE PENAL EN ECUADOR

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    El presente trabajo describe al delito corporativo y el compliance penal, su fin indispensable es proyectarnos a la sociedad para que conozca sobre la importancia de la protección penal en las actividades de las empresas. Para cumplir con este objetivo se analizó la inexistencia de normativa referente a la exigencia de sistemas de cumplimiento denominados compliance para las empresas en Ecuador; luego se identificó los elementos que componen los modelos de compliance en varios países para demostrar su utilidad y finalmente se propone una estructura orgánica aplicable al sistema de empresas ecuatorianas explicando su contribución para la prevención de responsabilidad jurídica. Para el desarrollo de la investigación fueron empleados los siguientes métodos: histórico-lógico aplicado a la definición de los conceptos y variables fundamentales; análisis jurídico-comparado aplicado a disposiciones jurídicas, extranjeras e internacionales y como técnica de investigación científica se utilizó la encuesta. Finalmente, como conclusión se estableció la necesidad de que las empresas públicas y privadas del ecuador incorporen un proceso de compliance para la prevención de cometimiento de delitos por parte de quienes ejercen la administración, representación y dirección de las empresas.

    Effects of increasing the affinity of CarD for RNA polymerase on Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth, rRNA transcription, and virulence

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    CarD is an essential RNA polymerase (RNAP) interacting protein in Mycobacterium tuberculosis that stimulates formation of RNAP-promoter open complexes. CarD plays a complex role in M. tuberculosis growth and virulence that is not fully understood. Therefore, to gain further insight into the role of CarD in M. tuberculosis growth and virulence, we determined the effect of increasing the affinity of CarD for RNAP. Using site-directed mutagenesis guided by crystal structures of CarD bound to RNAP, we identified amino acid substitutions that increase the affinity of CarD for RNAP. Using these substitutions, we show that increasing the affinity of CarD for RNAP increases the stability of the CarD protein in M. tuberculosis. In addition, we show that increasing the affinity of CarD for RNAP increases the growth rate in M. tuberculosis without affecting 16S rRNA levels. We further show that increasing the affinity of CarD for RNAP reduces M. tuberculosis virulence in a mouse model of infection despite the improved growth rate in vitro. Our findings suggest that the CarD-RNAP interaction protects CarD from proteolytic degradation in M. tuberculosis, establish that growth rate and rRNA levels can be uncoupled in M. tuberculosis and demonstrate that the strength of the CarD-RNAP interaction has been finely tuned to optimize virulence. IMPORTANCE Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, remains a major global health problem. In order to develop new strategies to battle this pathogen, we must gain a better understanding of the molecular processes involved in its survival and pathogenesis. We have previously identified CarD as an essential transcriptional regulator in mycobacteria. In this study, we detail the effects of increasing the affinity of CarD for RNAP on transcriptional regulation, CarD protein stability, and virulence. These studies expand our understanding of the global transcription regulator CarD, provide insight into how CarD activity is regulated, and broaden our understanding of prokaryotic transcription

    Biodiversity of the upper deltaic complex of the Paraná River

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    En este trabajo se analiza la riqueza y distribución de la flora vascular y fauna de vertebrados de la región superior del Complejo Deltaico del Río Paraná. Se provee un listado detallado de especies por grupo taxonómico y se realiza un análisis de las mismas, considerando su distribución, status de conservación y se compara con las riquezas de las provincias aledañas (Santa Fe y Entre Ríos). Se mencionan 456 especies de plantas, 9 de las cuales son endémicas para la argentina y 41 son exóticas. Las aves están representadas por 253 especies reunidas en 48 familias que constituyen el 25 % de las aves argentinas. La herpetofauna está constituida por 77 especies, de las cuales 30 corresponden a anfibios y 47 a reptiles; 14 de estas especies poseen un status de vulnerables. Se registraron 197 especies de peces, siendo los Siluriformes y los Characiformes los grupos mejor representados; 55 especies poseen estatus de vulnerables, raras o insuficientemente conocidas. Entre los mamíferos, se registraron 35 especies, 6 de las cuales son introducidas para su uso productivo. Se menciona la presencia de animales domésticos asilvestrados. Del análisis de distribución biogeográfica a lo largo del corredor del río Paraná se aprecia un patrón de riqueza intermedia a baja para la región. Si bien existen estudios realizados desde hace varios años, prácticamente no existen listados específicos intensivos; sobre todo destacamos la baja representatividad de las riquezas reportadas en dichos trabajos. Si bien esta situación puede estar asociada al esfuerzo de muestreo o a los objetivos de cada trabajo especifico, no deja de llamar la atención que los estudios realizados a varios grupos taxonómicos solo representan la mitad de lo aquí reportado como riqueza.Vascular flora and vertebrate fauna of the Paraná River Complex is analyzed from the species richness and distribution. Detailed list of species is provided for each taxonomic group, and an analysis of distribution and conservation status is done, comparing richness values in neighboring provinces (Santa Fe and Entre Ríos). 456 vascular plants are mentioned, 9 endemic for Argentina and 41 exotics. Birds are represented with 253 species of 48 families, which constitute 25 % of Argentinean ornitofauna. Herpetofauna has 77 species, 30 of them correspond to amphibians and 47 of reptiles; 14 have a status of vulnerable, rare, or insufficiently known. Between mammals, 35 species were registered, including 6 introduced for productive proposes. We mention the presence of feral fauna, coming from domestic introductions. In the analysis of the distribution, we appreciate that this area has an intermediate to low richness pattern. Even many studies have been done in this region, it’s difficult to find complete list of species, and we pointed out that some list presented for the area (papers with different objectives), present a low number of species comparing with this presented here.Fil: Aceñolaza, Pablo Gilberto. Provincia de Entre Ríos. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción. Universidad Autónoma de Entre Ríos. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción; Argentina. Universidad Autónoma de Entre Ríos; ArgentinaFil: Manzano, Adriana Silvina. Provincia de Entre Ríos. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción. Universidad Autónoma de Entre Ríos. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción; Argentina. Universidad Autónoma de Entre Ríos; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos; ArgentinaFil: Rodriguez, Estela Elizabeth. Provincia de Entre Ríos. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción. Universidad Autónoma de Entre Ríos. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción; Argentina. Universidad Autónoma de Entre Ríos; ArgentinaFil: Sanchez, Laura Cecilia. Provincia de Entre Ríos. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción. Universidad Autónoma de Entre Ríos. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción; Argentina. Universidad Autónoma de Entre Ríos; ArgentinaFil: Ronchi Virgolini, Ana Laura. Provincia de Entre Ríos. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción. Universidad Autónoma de Entre Ríos. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción; Argentina. Universidad Autónoma de Entre Ríos; ArgentinaFil: Giménez, Esteban. Provincia de Entre Ríos. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción. Universidad Autónoma de Entre Ríos. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción; ArgentinaFil: Demonte, Danilo. Universidad Autónoma de Entre Ríos; ArgentinaFil: Marchetti, Zuleica Yael. Provincia de Entre Ríos. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción. Universidad Autónoma de Entre Ríos. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción; Argentin

    Neuroimmunoendocrine Interactions in Tumorigenesis and Breast Cancer

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    Organism homeostasis is regulated through the tri-directional relationships between immune, endocrine, and nervous systems. These relationships are established by a complex network of chemokines, cytokines, hormones (peptide and non-peptide), neurotransmitters, and neurohormones that act onto its target cells, through common receptors. Despite initial attribution of the exclusive action of each molecule group (neurotransmitters, hormones, and cytokines), to the function of one specific system (nervous, endocrine, and immune, respectively), ligand and receptor pleiotropy and redundancy showed the multidirectional communication between systems. Cancer and metabolic and autoimmune diseases get established when homeostasis is disrupted. These interactions act in different disease levels, in cancer, since initial immunosurveillance phase, until immunosubversion and metastasis, in all cases is crucial for tumor development, cancer outcome, and patient prognosis
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