Brucella abortus Strain RB51 Vaccine: Immune Response after Calfhood Vaccination and Field Investigation in Italian Cattle Population

Immune response to Brucella abortus strain RB51 vaccine was measured in cattle vaccinated at calfhood. After an increase at day 6 post-vaccination (pv), the antibody level recorded in the 10 vaccinated animals remained constant for two months, and then progressively decreased. All vaccinated animals remained negative from day 162 pv to the end of the study (day 300 pv). Only at days 13 and 14 pv the RB51-CFT showed 100% sensitivity (credibility interval (CI) 76.2%–100%). The results indicate that the possibility to use RB51-CFT for the identification of cattle vaccinated at calfhood with RB51 is limited in time. A field investigation was carried out on 26,975 sera collected on regional basis from the Italian cattle population. The study outcomes indicate that in case of RB51-CFT positive results observed in officially Brucellosis-free (OBF) areas and, in any case, when an illegal use of RB51 vaccine is suspected, the use of the RB51-CFT alone is not sufficient to identify all the vaccinated animals. The design of a more sophisticated diagnostic protocol including an epidemiological investigation, the use of RB51-CFT, and the use of the skin test with RB51 as antigen is deemed more appropriate for the identification of RB51 vaccinated animals

An Immunological Analysis of Dystroglycan Subunits: Lessons Learned from a Small Cohort of Non-Congenital Dystrophic Patients

The dystroglycan (DG) expression pattern can be altered in severe muscular dystrophies. In fact, some congenital muscular dystrophies (CMDs) and limb-girdle muscular dystrophies (LGMDs) are caused by point mutations identified in six glycosyltransferase genes which are likely to target different steps along the posttranslational “O-glycosylation route” leading to a fully decorated and functional α-DG subunit. Indeed, hypoglycosylation of α-DG is thought to represent a major pathological event, in that it could reduce the DG’s ability to bind the basement membrane components, thus leading to sarcolemmal instability and necrosis. In order to set up an efficient standard immunological protocol, taking advantage of a wide panel of antibodies, we have analyzed the two DG subunits in a small cohort of adult dystrophic patients, whom an extensive medical examination had already clinically classified as affected by LGMD (5), Miyoshi (1) or distal (1) myopathy. Immunofluorescence analysis of skeletal muscle tissue sections revealed a proper sarcolemmal localization of the DG subunits in all the patients analyzed. However, Western blot analysis of lectin enriched skeletal muscle samples revealed an abnormal glycosylation of α-DG in two patients. Our work reinforces the notion that a careful immunological and biochemical analysis of the two DG subunits should be always considered as a prerequisite for the identification of new putative cases of dystroglycanopathy

Cellular Prion Protein Expression in the Brain Tissue from Brucella ceti-Infected Striped Dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba)

Brucella ceti, a zoonotic pathogen of major concern to cetacean health and conservation, is responsible for severe meningo-encephalitic/myelitic lesions in striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba), often leading to their stranding and death. This study investigated, for the first time, the cellular prion protein (PrPc) expression in the brain tissue from B. ceti-infected, neurobrucellosis-affected striped dolphins. Seven B. ceti-infected, neurobrucellosis-affected striped dolphins, found stranded along the Italian coastline (6) and in the Canary Islands (1), were investigated, along with five B. ceti-uninfected striped dolphins from the coast of Italy, carrying no brain lesions, which served as negative controls. Western Blot (WB) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) with an anti-PrP murine monoclonal antibody were carried out on the brain parenchyma of these dolphins. While PrPc IHC yielded inconclusive results, a clear-cut PrPc expression of different intensity was found by means of WB analyses in the brain tissue of all the seven herein investigated, B. ceti-infected and neurobrucellosis-affected cetacean specimens, with two dolphins stranded along the Italian coastline and one dolphin beached in Canary Islands also exhibiting a statistically significant increase in cerebral PrPc expression as compared to the five Brucella spp.-negative control specimens. The significantly increased PrPc expression found in three out of seven B. ceti-infected, neurobrucellosis-affected striped dolphins does not allow us to draw any firm conclusion(s) about the putative role of PrPc as a host cell receptor for B. ceti. Should this be the case, an upregulation of PrPc mRNA in the brain tissue of neurobrucellosis-affected striped dolphins could be hypothesized during the different stages of B. ceti infection, as previously shown in murine bone marrow cells challenged with Escherichia coli. Noteworthy, the inflammatory infiltrates seen in the brain and in the cervico-thoracic spinal cord segments from the herein investigated, B. ceti-infected and neurobrucellosis-affected striped dolphins were densely populated by macrophage/histiocyte cells, often harboring Brucella spp. antigen in their cytoplasm, similarly to what was reported in macrophages from mice experimentally challenged with B. abortus. Notwithstanding the above, much more work is needed in order to properly assess the role of PrPc, if any, as a host cell receptor for B. ceti in striped dolphins

Immunohistochemical investigations on Brucella ceti-infected, neurobrucellosis-affected striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba)

Bacteria of the genus Brucella cause brucellosis, an infectious disease common to humans as well as to terrestrial and aquatic mammals. Since 1994 several cases of Brucella spp. infection have been reported in marine mammals worldwide. Indeed, since human brucellosis ranks as one of the most common bacterial zoonotic infections on a global scale, it is necessary to increase our knowledge about it also in the marine environment. Brucella ceti, which is phenotypically similar to other smooth brucellae as B. abortus and B. melitensis, shares with the latter two the same surface antigens that are routinely used for the serological diagnosis of Brucella spp. infection. Marine mammal Brucella spp. infections are characterized by a pathogenicity similar to their terrestrial counterparts, with the occurrence of abortion, stillbirth and orchitis and an involvement of the host’s central nervous system (CNS), similarly to what happens in mankind. While sero-epidemiological data suggest that Brucella spp. infection is widespread globally, detecting Brucella spp.-associated antigens by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in tissues from infected animals is often troublesome. The present study was aimed at investigating, by means of IHC based upon the utilization of an anti-Brucella LPS monoclonal antibody (MAb), the CNS immunoreactivity (IR) shown by B. ceti-infected, neurobrucellosis-affected striped dolphins

Standardisation of an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection

An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was evaluated for the detection of Brucella antibodies in milk from water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis Linnaeus, 1758). The test accuracy was evaluated on milk samples from the Campania Region in Italy. A total of 100 negative samples were collected from 10 officially brucellosis-free herds in Salerno Province, while 30 positive samples were collected from 3 herds in Caserta Province, where animals gave positive results to the official tests and it was here that Brucella abortus biovar 1 had been isolated. Test sensitivity was 100%, with a confidence interval (CI) of 90.8%-100%, while specificity was 98% (CI 93%-99.4%) on individual milk samples. To simulate bulk milk samples from herds infected at various levels of infection, dilutions from 1:10 to 1:100 of positive milk samples in negative milk were also used. The probability of detecting antibodies in positive milk samples was higher than 50% up to a dilution of 1:50 in negative milk. Considering the average national water buffalo herd size, the probability of identifying infection in a water buffalo herd by bulk milk testing is 50% (CI 33.1%-66.9%) in the worst case scenario of a single infected animal contributing to the bulk milk

An ELISA for the evaluation of gamma interferon production in cattle vaccinated with Brucella abortus strain RB51

The results of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) implemented for the detection of gamma interferon (g-interferon) production in cattle vaccinated with Brucella abortus strain RB51 are presented. A purified protein fraction derived from RB51 (RB51 brucellin) has been used as antigenic stimulus for whole blood. The test was evaluated for 300 days in ten heifers vaccinated at calfhood with 10 × 109 colony-forming units of RB51 and in five control heifers. All animals came from officially brucellosis-free herds. Vaccinated animals started to give positive results from day 17 post vaccination (pv) until day 239 pv. All vaccinated animals gave a positive reaction at least once (with a stimulation index exceeding 2.5). Nevertheless, if sampling on day 20 pv is excluded (90% of vaccinated animals gave positive results), the sensitivity of the test varies from 20% to 70%, with a 40% average. A stimulation index over 2.5 was also recorded in three control animals. The results suggest that the g-interferon test is not suitable for the detection of cattle vaccinated with RB51, either at the individual or at the herd level

Uso della chemiluminescenza per la diagnosi della brucellosi bovina e ovina mediante ELISA indiretta e competitiva

I metodi ufficiali previsti dal Piano nazionale di eradicazione della brucellosi bovina ed ovi-caprina sono la sieroagglutinazione rapida (SAR) con l’antigene acidificato al Rosa Bengala e la fissazione del complemento (FDC). Nella attuale fase del piano di eradicazione non è infrequente imbattersi in risultati di difficile interpretazione ottenuti con i test ufficiali, pertanto è necessario poter disporre di test aggiuntivi che presentino livelli di specificità e di sensibilità più elevati. A questo scopo sono stati validati due metodi ELISA, indiretto (i-ELISA CL) e competitivo (c-ELISA CL), mediante l’utilizzo di un substrato chemiluminescente per la determinazione di anticorpi anti-Brucella in siero bovino ed ovino. I metodi si basano sulla rivelazione degli anticorpi anti-Brucella, contenuti nel siero, mediante la catalisi di un substrato enzimatico chemiluminescente (sistema luminolo/H2O2/ enhancer), da parte della perossidasi coniugata ad anticorpi secondari anti-IgG, nella i-ELISA CL, o al monoclonale anti-LPS, nella c-ELISA CL. Sulla base dei risultati ottenuti, per l'i-ELISA CL è stato stabilito un valore di cut-off, espresso come percentuale di positività (PP), del 60% per i sieri bovini e del 37,5% per quelli ovini; con questo valore di cut-off si ottiene una sensibilità ed una specificità del test del 100% per i sieri bovini, e una sensibilità del 100% e una specificità del 99,8% per quelli ovini. Per la c-ELISA CL è stato scelto un cut-off, espresso come percentuale di inibizione (PI), del 30% per i sieri bovini e del 40% per quelli ovini, che assicura valori di sensibilità e specificità del 100% in entrambi i casi

Valutazione della produzione di gamma interferone in bovini vaccinati con Brucella abortus ceppo RB51 mediante un test ELISA

In questo lavoro sono presentati i risultati di un test ELISA messo a punto per rilevare la produzione di gamma interferone (g-interferone) in bovini vaccinati con Brucella abortus ceppo RB51 (RB51). Come stimolo antigenico per il sangue intero è stata utilizzata una frazione proteica purificata derivante da RB51 (brucellina RB51). La prova è stata valutata nell’arco di 300 giorni in 10 manze vaccinate in età prepubere con 10×109 Unità Formanti Colonia di RB51 e in cinque manze di controllo, provenienti da allevamenti ufficialmente indenni da brucellosi bovina. I capi vaccinati hanno cominciato a fornire risultati positivi a partire dal 17° giorno post vaccinazione (p.v.) fino al giorno 239 p.v. Tutti i capi vaccinati hanno fornito almeno una volta un risultato positivo (indice di stimolazione, IS, superiore a 2,5). Tuttavia, se si esclude il prelievo al giorno 20 p.v. (90% di animali vaccinati risultati positivi), la sensibilità del test oscilla tra il 20% e il 70%, con una media del 40%. IS superiore a 2,5 è stato rilevato anche in tre animali di controllo. Sulla scorta dei risultati ottenuti, si ritiene che il test del g-interferone non fornisce garanzie sufficienti per consigliarne l’impiego ai fini di riconoscere i bovini vaccinati con RB51, sia come prova individuale, sia come prova d’allevamento

Prevalence of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi infection in horses from northern Italy

Babesia caballi and Theileria equi are the causative agents of equine piroplasmosis. In this epidemiological study, 294 horses reared in a rural area of northern Italy were studied. During January 2008-January 2009, blood samples were taken for serology (indirect fluorescent antibody test) and for polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Data on the geographical area, sex, and age were collected for statistical analysis of risk factors associated with infection. A seroprevalence of 8.5% was found: 8.2% of the animals were positive for anti-T. equi antibodies and 0.3% for anti-B. caballi antibodies. No dual infections were observed. Of those horses with positive serology to T. equi, 33% were also positive in PCR, whereas none of the seropositive horses for B. caballi was positive in PCR. No significant correlation between sex or age was found for infection status