High-fiber diets for fattening pigs

Objective:  To establish the feasibility and benefits offered by implementing pig diets with high fiber content. Design/methodology: A bibliographic review of the concept of the practical application of diets for pigs with the inclusion of fibrous ingredients. Results: Formulating high-fiber pig diets maintains or improves productive performance and offers additional gut health benefits. Study limitations/implications: The lack of knowledge of the net energy and digestible amino acid values of the fibrous ingredients limits the adequate formulation of diets for pigs. Findings/conclusions: The inclusion of high fiber ingredients in the diet for pigs can partially substitute traditional ingredients reducing costs and obtaining health benefits.Objective: To establish the feasibility and benefits of implementing high-fiber diets for pigs. Design/Methodology: A literature review of the practical application of pig diets with the inclusion of fibrous ingredients was carried out. Results: The formulation of high-fiber diets for pigs maintains or improves productive performance and provides additional gut health benefits. Study Limitations/Implications: Lack of information about the net energy and amino acid digestibility values of fibrous ingredients limits the proper formulation of pig diets. Findings/Conclusions: The inclusion of high-fiber ingredients in pig diets can partially replace traditional ingredients, consequently reducing costs and providing health benefits

Cuantificación microlisimétrica del consumo de agua residual tratada en la nochebuena (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch)

En un cultivo de nochebuena en un invernadero instrumentado en Jiutepec, Morelos, se midió el consumo de agua residual tratada (ART) con microlisímetros de succión de macetas de polietileno de 15 cm de diámetro con sustratos de granulometría similar N, V y A, donde N = tierra de hoja/ tezontle/fibra de coco en proporción 60:20:20; V = tierra de hoja/tezontle/agrolita/fibra de coco (86:7:3.5:3.5); A = fibra de coco/tierra de hoja/agrolita (40:40:20), y el consumo de agua mediante microlisímetros de balance con sustrato N (BN); 11 de 22 variables presentaron diferencia significativa; BN tiene los valores más altos y V los menores; N es igual a A, para todas las variables analizadas. Las brácteas tienen diferencias en área, peso fresco y peso seco, sin diferencias en color L*, C* y h; las hojas no tienen diferencias en área ni en contenido de clorofila, y sí tienen en peso fresco y seco. Peso fresco y seco de raíz sin diferencias significativas. El sustrato A presentó mejores resultados agronómicos que N y V. El consumo de ART de la nochebuena puede ser afectado por tipo de planta y método de riego. En las semanas después del trasplante 2 (posterior al pinchado), 8, 9 y 10 (inicio de pigmentación), existen diferencias entre tratamiento y coincide con un periodo de disminución del consumo de ART. El microlisímetro de succión es una herramienta para cuantificar el consumo de ART en nochebuena

Practical application of the ideal protein concept in pigs: Ideal protein for pigs

Objective:  To know the importance of the formulation of “ideal protein” diets for nursery-growing pigs. Design/methodology/approach: A bibliographic review of the concept of ideal protein and low-protein in pigs diets to determine their practical application in commercial production. Results: Low-protein diets in pig production is an environmentally friendly strategy. The 3 percentage units of reduction in CP is the maximum level when only crystalline lysine, methionine, threonine and tryptophan are available. However, when there is a greater number of synthetic amino acids, the reduction in CP can be in a range of 4-5 percentage units.  Study limitations/implications: Market conditions allow the incorporation of lysine, methionine, threonine and tryptophan into the diet. Potentially in a short time the availability and price of valine could be considered within commercial diets. However, at the moment the inclusion of other AA is not permissible due to the low availability and high price in the market. Findings/conclusions: Low-protein diets should be used in the production of pigs, since it maintains or improves the productive variables and reduces the environmental impact, due to the reduction of nitrogen excretion to the environment.Objective: To determine the importance of the formulation of “ideal protein” diets for starting-growing pigs. Design/methodology/approach: A bibliographic review of the concept of ideal protein and low-protein in pig diets was carried out to determine their practical application in commercial production. Results: Low-protein diets in pig production are an environmentally friendly strategy. The 3 percentage units of reduction in CP is the maximum level, when only crystalline lysine, methionine, threonine, and tryptophan are available. However, when there is a greater number of synthetic amino acids, the reduction in CP can range from 4 to 5 percentage units. Study limitations/implications: Market conditions allow the incorporation of lysine, methionine, threonine, and tryptophan into the diet. Potentially, owing to its availability and price, valine could be considered as part of commercial diets in a short time. However, the inclusion of other AA is not currently viable, as a result of their low availability and high market price. Findings/conclusions: Low-protein diets should be used in pig production, since they maintain or improve the productive variables and reduce the environmental impact, as a result of the reduction of nitrogen excretion to the environmen

Dietas para cerdos en iniciación incluyendo salvado de trigo y adicionadas con xilanasas

Abstract The objective was to evaluate the addition of xylanase in nursery pig diets with a high amount of wheat bran (WB) and two energy levels. Growth performance, carcass characteristics and plasma urea concentration were assessed. Forty-eight hybrid barrows were used (7.98 kg initial body weight and 28 d of age), allotted in a completely randomized design. Treatments (T) were: T1, control diet: 3350 Kcal; T2: 3275 Kcal + xylanase; T3: 3350 Kcal + xylanase; T4: 3350 Kcal + WB + xylanase; T5: 3275 Kcal + WB + xylanase; T6: 3350 + WB + xylanase. The variables were analyzed with ANOVA and treatment means were compared with Tukey's test (p ≤ 0.1). For average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake, final body weight and fat free lean gain (FFLG), better response was observed in pigs fed diets without WB (p ≤ 0.1) where xylanase compensated energy reduction. The inclusion of xylanase in WB diets reduced the ADG and final body weight (p ≤ 0.1). Supplementation with WB did not change backfat thickness, longissimus muscle area (LMA) and lean meat percentage (p > 0.1). The backfat thickness and LMA were not affected (p > 0.1) by reducing energy in diets without WB (p > 0.1). In conclusion, diets high in wheat bran content affect growth performance variables, but it is offset by the addition of xylanase, as long as the energy matrix is observed.Resumen El objetivo fue evaluar la adición de xilanasas en dietas con alta cantidad de salvado de trigo (ST) y dos niveles de energía para cerdos en iniciación sobre la respuesta productiva, características de la canal y concentración de urea en plasma. Se utilizaron 48 cerdos híbridos castrados de 7.98 kg de peso inicial y 28 d de edad, distribuidos en un diseño completamente al azar. Los tratamientos (T) fueron: T1, dieta testigo: 3350 Kcal de EM kg-1; T2: 3275 Kcal de EM kg-1 + xilanasas; T3: 3350 Kcal de EM kg-1+ xilanasas; T4: 3350 Kcal de EM kg-1+ ST + xilanasas; T5: 3275 Kcal de EM kg-1+ ST + xilanasas; T6: 3350 de EM kg-1+ ST + xilanasas. Los datos se analizaron con ANOVA, las medias de los tratamientos se compararon con la prueba de Tukey (p ≤ 0.1). Para la ganancia de peso (GDP), consumo de alimento, peso final (PVF) y ganancia de carne magra (GCM) se observó mejor respuesta en cerdos alimentados sin ST (p ≤ 0.1); compensando las xilanasas la reducción de energía. La inclusión de xilanasas en dietas con ST redujo la GDP y el pVF (p ≤ 0.1). La inclusión de ST no modificó la grasa dorsal (GD), área del músculo longissimus (AML) y GCM (p > 0.1). La GD y AML no fueron afectadas al reducir la energía en las dietas sin ST (p > 0.1). Las dietas con alto contenido de salvado de trigo afectan las variables productivas; aunque se compensa con la adición de xilanasas mientras se respete la matriz energética

Sensibilidad de la prueba de InmunoStrips® en la detección de Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis en tomate

The objective was to evaluate the sensitivity of the InmunoStrips® test in the detection of the bacterium Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis causing bacterial canker, with different bacterial concentrations in the presence and absence of leaf tissue or tomato seed. The experimental design was a factorial. The variables evaluated were sample composition, bacterium concentration, reaction time, and inhibition of the reaction. The InmunoStrips® test detected up to 100 CFU μL-1, making it 100 times more sensitive than reported, and showed clearer results with no tissue present. The result of the immunochromatic reaction was directly proportional to the concentration of the bacterium. The reaction time was directly influenced by the composition of the sample and by the concentration of bacterium. In none of the positive cases it took more than two minutes of waiting to observe the chromatic reactionEl objetivo fue evaluar la sensibilidad de la prueba de inmunostrips® para la detección de la bacteria Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis causante del cancro bacteriano, con diferentes concentraciones bacterianas en presencia y ausencia de tejido de hoja o semilla de tomate. El experimento fue un diseño factorial, las variables evaluadas fueron composición de la muestra, concentración, tiempo de reacción e inhibición de la reacción. La prueba de inmunostrips® detectó hasta 100 UFC µL-1 así que es 100 veces más sensible de lo reportado, además mostró resultados más claros sin presencia de tejido. El resultado de la reacción inmunocromática directamente proporcional a la concentración de la bacteria. El tiempo de reacción se vio directamente influido por la composición de la muestra y por la concentración de bacteria. En ninguno de los casos positivos fue necesario más de dos minutos de espera para observar la reacción cromática

La refrigeración en húmedo y seco afecta la vida poscosecha de flores de corte de Lisianthus ("Eustoma grandiflorum") "ABC Blue Rim"

Se evaluó la vida en florero de inflorescencias de lisianthus ¿ABC Blue Rim¿ almacenadas en húmedo o seco durante 5, 10 y 15 días a 3 °C y 85% de humedad relativa (HR) en oscuridad; antes del almacenamiento se aplicó una solución pulso 3% de sacarosa + 200 mg L-1 de Hidroxiquinoleína citrato por 24 h. Al salir de temperatura baja, la vida en florero se evaluó en una cámara con una temperatura de 20 ± 1 °C y 80 ± 2% HR, periodo de 12 h luz/oscuridad y una PAR de 173 ± 50 µmol m2 s-1. Un grupo de inflorescencias no se almacenaron a temperatura baja (testigo); estas inflorescencias mostraron un comportamiento climatérico, un incremento de peso fresco relativo (7.2%), consumo de agua (31.1 mL tallo-1) y conductancia estomática (170 mmol m2 s-1), a los nueve días después de cosecha se tuvieron tres flores abiertas con regular apariencia y la actividad en catalasa se incrementó hasta 6.3 U g-1 de peso fresco, en tanto que la actividad de peroxidasa se mantuvo constante durante la vida en florero (entre 0.1 y 0.4 U g-1 de peso). Las flores almacenadas en agua mostraron comportamiento climatérico similar al testigo, menor incremento de peso fresco relativo, similar consumo de agua y mayor conductancia estomática que las flores testigo; se incrementó la vida poscosecha hasta 19 días, la actividad enzimática de catalasa y peroxidasa se incrementaron en forma similar al testigo. El almacenamiento en seco solo fue factible por cinco días.Vase-life was evaluated in lisianthus inflorescences �ABC Blue Rim� stored wet or dry for 5, 10 and 15 days at 3 °C and 85% relative humidity (RH) in darkness; before storage, a solution at 3% of sucrose + 200 mg L-1 of Hydroxyquinoline citrate for 24 h was applied. Leaving low temperature, vaselife was evaluated in a chamber with a temperature of 20 ± 1 °C and 80 ± 2% RH, during 12 h light/dark and PAR of 173 ± 50 µmol m2s-1. A group of inflorescences was stored at low temperature (control); these inflorescences showed climacteric, a relative increased fresh weight (7.2%), water consumption (31.1 mL stem-1) and stomatal conductance (170 mmol m2 s-1); nine days after harvest, we had three open-flowers with uniform appearance and catalase activity incremented up to 6.3 Ug-1 fresh weight, whereas the activity of peroxidase was held constant for vase-life (between 0.1 and 0.4 Ug-1 weight). Flowers stored in water showed climacteric behaviour similar to that of the control, lower relative increase in fresh weight, similar water consumption and increased stomatal conductance than the controls; postharvest life went up to 19 days, the enzyme activity of catalase and peroxidase increased, similar to the controls. Dry storage was only feasible for five days

Effect of CLA supplementation to low-protein diets on the growth performance, carcass characteristics, plasma urea nitrogen concentration, and fatty acid profile in the meat of pigs

To analyze the effect of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on the meat of pigs (0,1%) and three crude protein (CP) levels (nursery: 20.5, 16.0, 14.5%; growing: 16, 14.5, 11.5%; and finishing: 14.0, 12.5, 11% CP), studies were conducted with 36 hybrid (Yorkshire×Landrace×Duroc) barrows (17.3-83.5 kg), which were individually penned and allotted in a completely randomized design in a factorial (2×3) arrangement for 84 d. The analysis by phases indicated that CP level affected some variables. Average daily gain, average daily feed intake, fat free lean gain, backfat thickness, longissimus muscle area and final body weight were reduced (P≤0.05) feeding the lowest CP diet in nursery and growing pigs. Plasma urea nitrogen concentration was also lower (P≤0.05) in the growing and finishing phases when fed the lowest CP level. The global analysis showed that all the analyzed variables (except feed gain ratio, lean meat percentage and plasma urea nitrogen concentration) were reduced (P≤0.05) in the pigs fed low-protein diets; plasma urea nitrogen concentration tended to be lower (P=0.07) when CP was reduced. The fatty acid profile of the meat (semimembranosus and longissimus muscles) indicated that CLA addition increased CLA isomers and total saturated fatty acids, and reduced the total monounsaturated fatty acids (P≤0.05). α-Linolenic acid was lowered in longissimus muscle of pigs fed LPD (P=0.08). These results indicated that reducing the crude protein concentration in the diet of fattening pigs from 20.5 to 16.0% in nursery phase; from 16.0 to 14.5% in growing stage; and from 14.0 to 12.5% in finishing pigs, did not negatively affect the growth performance, nor carcass characteristics. The results also showed that the addition of CLA did not improve pig response and the concentration of unsaturated fatty acids and total lipids altered the feeding LPD