94 research outputs found
High-Resolution Genome-Wide Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Mapping in Acute Myeloid Leukaemia
PhDInvestigation of the genetics of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) has revealed the underlying
basis of the disease and led to targets for therapy. High-resolution single nucleotide
polymorphism (SNP) arrays detected regions of loss of heterozygosity and DNA copy number
changes, augmenting the results of conventional cytogenetic analysis in AML. Fifteen out of 72
(20%) primary AML samples exhibited large regions of homozygosity that could not be
accounted for by visible chromosomal abnormalities in the karyotype. Further analysis
confirmed that these patterns were due to partial uniparental disomy (UPD). Remission marrow
was available from five patients showing UPD in their leukemias, and in all cases the
homozygosity was found to be restricted to the diagnostic leukemic clone. These cryptic nonrandom
chromosomal abnormalities are characteristic of mitotic recombination. In 7 of 13 cases
with UPD, concurrent homozygous mutations were identified at four distinct loci (WTI, FLT3,
CEBPA, and RUNXI). This implies that mutation precedes mitotic recombination which acts as
a "second hit" responsible for removal of the remaining wild-type allele. Clonal evolution from
heterozygous to homozygous mutations by mitotic recombination would provide a mechanism
for relapse of AML. Analysis of 27 paired diagnostic and relapsed AML samples demonstrated
newly acquired segmental UPDs at relapse in 11 AML samples (40%). Six were segmental
UPDs of chromosome 13q, which led to a change from heterozygosity to homozygosity for
internal tandem duplication of FLT3. Three further AML samples had evidence of acquired
segmental UPD of 13q in a subclone of the relapsed leukemia. One patient acquired segmental
UPD of 19q which led to homozygosity for a CEBPA mutation 207 C-'T. Finally, a single
AML patient acquired segmental UPD of chromosome 4q, for which the candidate gene is
unknown. In conclusion, the acquisition of segmental UPD and the resulting homozygous
mutation is a common event associated with relapse of AML
Comparative Analysis of Plastid Genomes Using Pangenome Research ToolKit (PGR-TK)
Plastid genomes (plastomes) of angiosperms are of great interest among
biologists. High-throughput sequencing is making many such genomes accessible,
increasing the need for tools to perform rapid comparative analysis. This
exploratory analysis investigates whether the Pangenome Research Tool Kit
(PGR-TK) is suitable for analyzing plastomes. After determining the optimal
parameters for this tool on plastomes, we use it to compare sequences from each
of the genera - Magnolia, Solanum, Fragaria and Cotoneaster, as well as a
combined set from 20 rosid genera. PGR-TK recognizes large-scale plastome
structures, such as the inverted repeats, among combined sequences from distant
rosid families. If the plastid genomes are rotated to the same starting point,
it also correctly groups different species from the same genus together in a
generated cladogram. The visual approach of PGR-TK provides insights into
genome evolution without requiring gene annotations.Comment: 15 pages, 4 figure
Mapping & decoding cortical engagement during motor imagery, mental arithmetic, and silent word generation using MEG
Accurate quantification of cortical engagement during mental imagery tasks remains a challenging brain-imaging problem with immediate relevance to developing brain–computer interfaces. We analyzed magnetoencephalography (MEG) data from 18 individuals completing cued motor imagery, mental arithmetic, and silent word generation tasks. Participants imagined movements of both hands (HANDS) and both feet (FEET), subtracted two numbers (SUB), and silently generated words (WORD). The task-related cortical engagement was inferred from beta band (17–25 Hz) power decrements estimated using a frequency-resolved beamforming method. In the hands and feet motor imagery tasks, beta power consistently decreased in premotor and motor areas. In the word and subtraction tasks, beta-power decrements showed engagements in language and arithmetic processing within the temporal, parietal, and inferior frontal regions. A support vector machine classification of beta power decrements yielded high accuracy rates of 74 and 68% for classifying motor-imagery (HANDS vs. FEET) and cognitive (WORD vs. SUB) tasks, respectively. From the motor-versus-nonmotor contrasts, excellent accuracy rates of 85 and 80% were observed for hands-versus-word and hands-versus-sub, respectively. A multivariate Gaussian-process classifier provided an accuracy rate of 60% for the four-way (HANDS-FEET-WORD-SUB) classification problem. Individual task performance was revealed by within-subject correlations of beta-decrements. Beta-power decrements are helpful metrics for mapping and decoding cortical engagement during mental processes in the absence of sensory stimuli or overt behavioral outputs. Markers derived based on beta decrements may be suitable for rehabilitation purposes, to characterize motor or cognitive impairments, or to treat patients recovering from a cerebral stroke
Spotting 2-D Atomic Layers on Aluminum Nitride Thin Films
The availability of large-area substrates imposes an important constraint on
the technological and commercial realization of devices made of layered
materials. Aluminum nitride films on silicon are shown to be promising
candidate materials as large-area substrates for such devices. Herein, the
optical contrast of exemplar 2D layers - MoS2and graphene - on AlN films has
been investigated as a necessary first step to realize devices on these
substrates. Significant contrast enhancements are predicted and observed on AlN
films compared to conventional SiO2films. Quantitative estimates of
experimental contrast using reflectance spectroscopy show very good agreement
with predicted values.Comment: 17 pages, 8 figures, supplementary informatio
A Complete Spectroscopic Survey of the Milky Way satellite Segue 1: Dark matter content, stellar membership and binary properties from a Bayesian analysis
We introduce a comprehensive analysis of multi-epoch stellar line-of-sight
velocities to determine the intrinsic velocity dispersion of the ultrafaint
satellites of the Milky Way. Our method includes a simultaneous Bayesian
analysis of both membership probabilities and the contribution of binary
orbital motion to the observed velocity dispersion within a 14-parameter
likelihood. We apply our method to the Segue 1 dwarf galaxy and conclude that
Segue 1 is a dark-matter-dominated galaxy at high probability with an intrinsic
velocity dispersion of 3.7^{+1.4}_{-1.1} km/sec. The dark matter halo required
to produce this dispersion must have an average density of 2.5^{+4.1}_{-1.9}
solar mass/pc^3 within a sphere that encloses half the galaxy's stellar
luminosity. This is the highest measured density of dark matter in the Local
Group. Our results show that a significant fraction of the stars in Segue 1 may
be binaries with the most probable mean period close to 10 years, but also
consistent with the 180 year mean period seen in the solar vicinity at about 1
sigma. Despite this binary population, the possibility that Segue 1 is a bound
star cluster with the observed velocity dispersion arising from the orbital
motion of binary stars is disfavored by the multi-epoch stellar velocity data
at greater than 99% C.L. Finally, our treatment yields a projected
(two-dimensional) half-light radius for the stellar profile of Segue 1 of
28^{+5}_{-4} pc, in excellent agreement with photometric measurements.Comment: 15 pages, 19 figure
Identification of Glycopeptides as Posttranslationally Modified Neoantigens in Leukemia
Abstract
Leukemias are highly immunogenic, but they have a low mutational load, providing few mutated peptide targets. Thus, the identification of alternative neoantigens is a pressing need. Here, we identify 36 MHC class I–associated peptide antigens with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modifications as candidate neoantigens, using three experimental approaches. Thirteen of these peptides were also detected with disaccharide units on the same residues and two contain either mono- and/or di-methylated arginine residues. A subset were linked with key cancer pathways, and these peptides were shared across all of the leukemia patient samples tested (5/5). Seven of the O-GlcNAc peptides were synthesized and five (71%) were shown to be associated with multifunctional memory T-cell responses in healthy donors. An O-GlcNAc-specific T-cell line specifically killed autologous cells pulsed with the modified peptide, but not the equivalent unmodified peptide. Therefore, these posttranslationally modified neoantigens provide logical targets for cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Res; 5(5); 376–84. ©2017 AACR.</jats:p
LUMINATE: linking agricultural land use, local water quality and Gulf of Mexico hypoxia
In this paper, we discuss the importance of developing integrated assessment models to support the design and implementation of policies to address water quality problems associated with agricultural pollution. We describe a new modelling system, LUMINATE, which links land use decisions made at the field scale in the Upper Mississippi, Ohio and Tennessee Basins through both environmental and hydrological components to downstream water quality effects and hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico. This modelling system can be used to analyse detailed policy scenarios identifying the costs of the policies and their resulting benefits for improved local and regional water quality. We demonstrate the model\u27s capabilities with a simple scenario where cover crops are incentivised with green payments over a large expanse of the watershed
Mutational analysis of disease relapse in patients allografted for acute myeloid leukemia
Disease relapse is the major cause of treatment failure after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). To identify AML-associated genes prognostic of AML relapse post–allo-SCT, we resequenced 35 genes in 113 adults at diagnosis, 49 of whom relapsed. Two hundred sixty-two mutations were detected in 102/113 (90%) patients. An increased risk of relapse was observed in patients with mutations in WT1 (P = .018), DNMT3A (P = .045), FLT3 ITD (P = .071), and TP53 (P = .06), whereas mutations in IDH1 were associated with a reduced risk of disease relapse (P = .018). In 29 patients, we additionally compared mutational profiles in bone marrow at diagnosis and relapse to study changes in clonal structure at relapse. In 13/29 patients, mutational profiles altered at relapse. In 9 patients, mutations present at relapse were not detected at diagnosis. In 15 patients, additional available pre–allo-SCT samples demonstrated that mutations identified posttransplant but not at diagnosis were detectable immediately prior to transplant in 2 of 15 patients. Taken together, these observations, if confirmed in larger studies, have the potential to inform the design of novel strategies to reduce posttransplant relapse highlighting the potential importance of post–allo-SCT interventions with a broad antitumor specificity in contrast to targeted therapies based on mutational profile at diagnosis
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