600 research outputs found
Resonant X-Ray Scattering on the M-Edge Spectra from Triple-k Structure Phase in U_{0.75}Np_{0.25}O_{2} and UO_{2}
We derive an expression for the scattering amplitude of resonant x-ray
scattering under the assumption that the Hamiltonian describing the
intermediate state preserves spherical symmetry. On the basis of this
expression, we demonstrate that the energy profile of the RXS spectra expected
near U and Np M_4 edges from the triple-k antiferromagnetic ordering phase in
UO_{2} and U_{0.75}Np_{0.25}O_{2} agree well with those from the experiments.
We demonstrate that the spectra in the \sigma-\sigma' and \sigma-\pi' channels
exhibit quadrupole and dipole natures, respectively.Comment: 3 pages, 3 figures, to be published in J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. Supp
Changing Groundwater Levels in the Sandstone Aquifers of Northern Illinois and Southern Wisconsin: Impacts on Available Water Supply
In 2014-15, the Illinois State Water Survey conducted their largest synoptic measurement
of water levels (i.e., heads) in Cambrian-Ordovician sandstone wells since 1980. The study
covered 33 counties in the northern half of Illinois where demands for water are satisfied, in part,
by sandstone aquifers. The Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey also measured
sandstone wells in 10 counties in southern Wisconsin. These observations were used to generate
head contours of the sandstone aquifers. These contours provide insight into the direction and
magnitude of groundwater flow. They also can be compared with historic measurements,
providing insight into the impact of changing groundwater withdrawals through time.
In predevelopment conditions, heads in the Cambrian-Ordovician sandstone aquifers
were near or above land surface. Due to pumping from the sandstone aquifers, heads have
decreased over time; this decrease is referred to as drawdown. In 2014, drawdown in
northeastern Illinois was typically over 300 ft and exceeded 800 ft in the Joliet region. Three
factors drove this large drawdown. First, demands for water from sandstone aquifers are much
greater in northeastern Illinois than in the rest of the study region. Second, the sandstone aquifers
are overlain by aquitards, which are low permeable materials that limit vertical infiltration of
water. Third, the Sandwich Fault Zone limits water flowing into the sandstone aquifers of
northeastern Illinois from the south. Heads near the center of the cone of depression continue to
have a decreasing trend.
The more severe drawdown in northeastern Illinois has resulted in local areas where
heads have fallen below the top of the sandstone, known as desaturation. Desaturation of a
sandstone aquifer can create a number of water quality and quantity concerns. The uppermost
sandstone, the St. Peter, was observed to be partially desaturated in portions of Will, Kane, and
Kendall Counties under non-pumping conditions. Other areas in these counties are at risk of
desaturation under pumping conditions or with the installation of additional wells connecting the
St. Peter to deeper, more heavily stressed sandstones. Simulations from a groundwater flow
model indicate that the risk of desaturation will increase with increased future withdrawals.
Despite the relatively small demand for water throughout much of central Illinois, heads
have been declining since predevelopment, likely due to the shale overlying the sandstone. This
shale serves as an aquitard, minimizing vertical infiltration of groundwater to the sandstone.
Sustained drawdown in this region could potentially induce flow from the southern half of the
state, where water in the sandstone is highly saline and not suitable as a drinking water supply.
Drawdown in northwestern Illinois was also typically small (<100 ft), primarily due to
two factors: 1) low demands from the sandstone aquifers and 2) the absence of shale aquitards.
The notable exception is in Winnebago County, near Rockford, where demands are historically
high and drawdown was on the order of 100-200 ft. While the quantity of water in the aquifer is
not a concern in this region, large withdrawals could result in reductions of natural groundwater
discharge to surface waters, impacting stream ecosystems under low flow conditions.
Drawdown since predevelopment was over 300 ft in southeastern Wisconsin, with the
greatest drawdown in Waukesha County of over 400 ft. Recent trends indicate heads in the
Waukesha area are recovering, although they are still well below predevelopment levels.
[This report is also associated with the fact sheets: Changing Groundwater Levels in the Cambrian-Ordovician Sandstone Aquifers of Northern Illinois, 1980-2014,
Groundwater Availability in Northeastern Illinois from Deep Sandstone Aquifers, and Sources of Water for Communities in Northeastern Illinois.published or submitted for publicationis peer reviewedOpe
An x-ray resonant diffraction study of multiferroic DyMn2O5
X-ray resonant scattering has been used to measure the magnetic order of the
Dy ions below 40K in multiferroic DyMnO. The magnetic order has a
complex behaviour. There are several different ordering wavevectors, both
incommensurate and commensurate, as the temperature is varied. In addition a
non-magnetic signal at twice the wavevector of one of the commensurate signals
is observed, the maximum intensity of which occurs at the same temperature as a
local maximum in the ferroelectric polarisation. Some of the results, which
bear resemblence to the behaviour of other members of the RMnO
family of multiferroic materials, may be explained by a theory based on
so-called acentric spin-density waves.Comment: 8 pages, 8 figure
X-ray Resonant Scattering Study of the Order Parameters in Multiferroic TbMnO
We report on an extensive investigation of the multiferroic compound
TbMnO. Non-resonant x-ray magnetic scattering (NRXMS) revealed a dominant
-type domain. The temperature dependence of the intensity and wavevector
associated with the incommensurate magnetic order was found to be in good
agreement with neutron scattering data. XRS experiments were performed in the
vicinity of the Mn and Tb edges in the high-temperature collinear
phase, the intermediate temperature cycloidal/ferroelectric phase, and the
low-temperature phase. In the collinear phase resonant satellites were
found at the Mn edge associated with -type but also -type peaks. The
azimuthal dependence of the -type satellites (and their absence in the NRXMS
experiments) indicates that they are most likely non-magnetic in origin. We
suggest instead that they may be associated with an induced charge multipole.
At the Tb edge resonant - and -type satellites () were
observed in the collinear phase. These we attribute to a polarisation of the Tb
5 states by the ordering of the Mn sublattice. In the
cycloidal/ferroelectric phase a new set of resonant satellites appear
corresponding to -type order. These appear at the Tb edge only. In
addition to a dominant component in the channel, a
weaker component is found in the pre-edge with
polarization. Calculations of the XRS were performed using the code
showing that the unrotated component of the Tb
-type peaks appearing in the ferroelectric phase contains a contribution
from a multipole that is odd with respect to both space and time, known in
various contexts as the anapole.Comment: Phys. Rev. B (In press
Kamsalamanders met kleurafwijking uit Meijendel
Animal sciencesNaturali
Groundwater Flow Models of Illinois: Data, Processes, Model Performance, and Key Results
The Illinois State Water Survey (ISWS) has a long history of developing groundwater flow models to simulate water supply and groundwater contamination issues in the state of Illinois. However, past local- and regional-scale models developed by the ISWS have traditionally been project based; thus models are archived when the project is completed and may not be updated for many years. This report presents the first version of the Evolving Network of Illinois Groundwater Monitoring and Modeling Analyses (ENIGMMA), which is the framework of data, procedures, protocols, and scripts that facilitate the development of a single, continuously updated groundwater flow model and other outputs (hydrographs, maps, animations of groundwater potentiometric surfaces). This report focuses on five aspects of ENIGMMA:
1. The archived models and high-resolution datasets that serve as inputs to ENIGMMA
2. The procedures for developing model-ready datasets from these inputs
3. The Illinois Groundwater Flow Model (IGWFM), which serves as the single model that will be continuously updated by ENIGMMA
4. The ISWS Calibration Toolbox, used to facilitate a transient calibration of the IGWFM
5. Animations of groundwater potentiometric surfaces using head-specified models
This report is a living document that will be updated periodically. Future updates to this report will focus on additional aspects of ENIGMMA, including the automated development of model-ready inputs and display of model outputs. Updates to this report will also chronicle any additional geologic data added to ENIGMMA, and subsequently, to the Illinois Groundwater Flow Model. Updates will also highlight both local- and regional-scale advancements made with the model, including any key results from these models.
The current version of the IGWFM combines and expands on two existing groundwater flow models: 1) the Northeastern Illinois Cambrian-Ordovician Sandstone Aquifer model and 2) the East-Central Illinois Mahomet Aquifer model. In addition, the model incorporates new geologic information developed by the Illinois State Geological Survey in the Middle Illinois Water Supply Planning region. The current model domain covers large portions of Illinois, Wisconsin, Indiana, and Michigan. This large spatial extent is necessary to capture the far-reaching regional head declines in the deep Cambrian-Ordovician sandstone aquifer system, which can extend beyond state boundaries. Depicting some shallow, unconsolidated aquifers also requires a simultaneous simulation of the deep sandstone to account for flow exchange between units. This is because the low-permeable stratigraphic units (aquitards) overlying the sandstone aquifers are absent over large areas of northern Illinois or are locally punctured by wells with long, open intervals. To capture these complex flow pathways, the three-dimensional IGWFM explicitly simulates all geologic materials from the land surface to the impermeable Pre-Cambrian crystalline bedrock. The IGWFM does not currently include a groundwater flow simulation of the southern portion of the state where the deep basin sandstones are highly saline and not used for water supply. Incorporating the shallow aquifers in the southern portion of the state into the IGWFM is a long-term goal.
The primary datasets currently incorporated into IGWFM include surface water elevations, annual groundwater withdrawals, well information such as open intervals, geologic
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surfaces, measured water levels, and aquifer properties inferred from previous modeling studies. These datasets are input at their best available spatial and temporal resolutions, allowing for the development of refined local-scale models. Such local-scale models are essential for simulating groundwater-surface water interactions, well interference, and contaminant transport. Major local-scale models already exist for the Mahomet Aquifer, Kane County, and McHenry County.
The IGWFM can address a number of water supply planning questions, particularly the impacts of historic, modern, and future high-capacity groundwater withdrawals on heads and groundwater discharging to surface waters. In addition, where detailed geologic information of the shallow aquifers is available, the IGWFM can also simulate the subsurface migration of point (e.g., volatile organic compounds) and nonpoint (e.g., chloride and nitrate) contaminants.published or submitted for publicationis peer reviewedOpe
Resonant magnetic x-ray and neutron diffuse studies of transition metal multilayers
Electron scattering mechanisms within metallic multilayers are affected by both structural and magnetic disorders. Off-specular x-ray scattering has long been used to probe the structural interfaces, and it is only recently that it has been applied to the study of magnetic disorder. We compare the resonant magnetic x-ray scattering with off-specular neutron studies from magnetron-sputtered Co/Cu and Co/Ru multilayers grown at the second antiferromagnetic coupling peak. Both techniques yield similar results for the Cu system, and a simple domain model can be applied to extract the magnetic interface morphological parameters. For the Cu system, the in-plane correlation length is field dependent and is 880+/-20 Å after saturation along the hard axis, but increases to 7000+/-100 Å after saturation along the orthogonal easy axis. Both systems show strong out-of-plane correlations in both the structural and magnetic disorders. In all cases, the out-of-plane correlation length for the structural interfaces is 200-250 Å, but the ratio of the magnetic to structural correlations length is dependent on the magnitude of the exchange coupling and ranges from 0.4 to 1.4.
Satellite holmium M-edge spectra from the magnetic phase via resonant x-ray scattering
Developing an expression of resonant x-ray scattering (RXS) amplitude which
is convenient for investigating the contributions from the higher rank tensor
on the basis of a localized electron picture, we analyze the RXS spectra from
the magnetic phases of Ho near the absorption edges. At the
edge in the uniform helical phase, the calculated spectra of the absorption
coefficient, the RXS intensities at the first and second satellite spots
capture the properties the experimental data possess, such as the spectral
shapes and the peak positions. This demonstrates the plausibility of the
adoption of the localized picture in this material and the effectiveness of the
spectral shape analysis. The latter point is markedly valuable since the
azimuthal angle dependence, which is one of the most useful informations RXS
can provides, is lacking in the experimental conditions. Then, by focusing on
the temperature dependence of the spectral shape at the second satellite spot,
we expect that the spectrum is the contribution of the pure rank two profile in
the uniform helical and the conical phases while that is dominated by the rank
one profile in the intermediate temperature phase, so-called spin slip phase.
The change of the spectral shape as a function of temperature indicates a
direct evidence of the change of magnetic structures undergoing. Furthermore,
we predict that the intensity, which is the same order observed at the second
satellite spot, is expected at the fourth satellite spot from the conical phase
in the electric dipolar transition.Comment: 24 pages, 5 figure
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