A comparison of the expected and actual pain experienced by women during insertion of an intrauterine contraceptive device.

Objective: To compare the expected and actual pain experienced with the insertion of intrauterine contraception in women, and to determine whether either of these are related to their personal circumstances, or affected their satisfaction with the procedure. Design: A convenience sample of 89 women aged 15-50 attending a sexual health clinic for same day intrauterine contraception insertion were given a questionnaire which they completed following the procedure. The women were asked to rate their expectation of pain prior to insertion and to rate the actual pain they experienced immediately after insertion, on a scale of 1 to 10 with 10 being severe pain. Information on the women’s circumstances and their level of satisfaction with the procedure was also obtained. Results: Overall, the median actual pain experienced by women during insertion (4) was significantly lower than the expected pain median (6) (p<0.001). For those women who had not had a previous vaginal delivery, actual pain was significantly higher compared with women who had a previous vaginal delivery (median [IQR] = 6 [3.5-7.5] and 3 [1-5], p<0.001), respectively), but there was no significant difference between expected and actual pain experiences. In women who had a previous vaginal delivery, actual pain was much lower than expected (p<0.001). Neither actual nor expected pain experiences were linked to any other socio-demographic reproductive health or service use factors. Conclusion: All women had a high expectation of pain prior to IUD insertion but, for those who had a previous vaginal delivery, this was significantly greater than that actually experienced. Satisfaction levels overall were high. Counselling of women should take into account their expected pain prior to IUD insertion and consideration should be given to alternative and additional methods of pain relief in women who had not had a previous vaginal delivery

Aerodynamic characteristics of forebody and nose strakes based on F-16 wind tunnel test experience. Volume 1: Summary and analysis

The YF-16 and F-16 developmental wind tunnel test program was reviewed. Geometrical descriptions, general comments, representative data, and the initial efforts toward the development of design guides for the application of strakes to future aircraft are presented

3-Body Dynamics in a (1+1) Dimensional Relativistic Self-Gravitating System

The results of our study of the motion of a three particle, self-gravitating system in general relativistic lineal gravity is presented for an arbitrary ratio of the particle masses. We derive a canonical expression for the Hamiltonian of the system and discuss the numerical solution of the resulting equations of motion. This solution is compared to the corresponding non-relativistic and post-Newtonian approximation solutions so that the dynamics of the fully relativistic system can be interpretted as a correction to the one-dimensional Newtonian self-gravitating system. We find that the structure of the phase space of each of these systems yields a large variety of interesting dynamics that can be divided into three distinct regions: annulus, pretzel, and chaotic; the first two being regions of quasi-periodicity while the latter is a region of chaos. By changing the relative masses of the three particles we find that the relative sizes of these three phase space regions changes and that this deformation can be interpreted physically in terms of the gravitational interactions of the particles. Furthermore, we find that many of the interesting characteristics found in the case where all of the particles share the same mass also appears in our more general study. We find that there are additional regions of chaos in the unequal mass system which are not present in the equal mass case. We compare these results to those found in similar systems.Comment: latex, 26 pages, 17 figures, high quality figures available upon request; typos and grammar correcte

Chaos in an Exact Relativistic 3-body Self-Gravitating System

We consider the problem of three body motion for a relativistic one-dimensional self-gravitating system. After describing the canonical decomposition of the action, we find an exact expression for the 3-body Hamiltonian, implicitly determined in terms of the four coordinate and momentum degrees of freedom in the system. Non-relativistically these degrees of freedom can be rewritten in terms of a single particle moving in a two-dimensional hexagonal well. We find the exact relativistic generalization of this potential, along with its post-Newtonian approximation. We then specialize to the equal mass case and numerically solve the equations of motion that follow from the Hamiltonian. Working in hexagonal-well coordinates, we obtaining orbits in both the hexagonal and 3-body representations of the system, and plot the Poincare sections as a function of the relativistic energy parameter $\eta$. We find two broad categories of periodic and quasi-periodic motions that we refer to as the annulus and pretzel patterns, as well as a set of chaotic motions that appear in the region of phase-space between these two types. Despite the high degree of non-linearity in the relativistic system, we find that the the global structure of its phase space remains qualitatively the same as its non-relativisitic counterpart for all values of $\eta$ that we could study. However the relativistic system has a weaker symmetry and so its Poincare section develops an asymmetric distortion that increases with increasing $\eta$. For the post-Newtonian system we find that it experiences a KAM breakdown for $\eta \simeq 0.26$: above which the near integrable regions degenerate into chaos.Comment: latex, 65 pages, 36 figures, high-resolution figures available upon reques

Intermediate left-right gauge symmetry, unification of couplings and fermion masses in SUSY SO(10)×S4SO(10)\times S_4

If left-right gauge theory occurs as an intermediate symmetry in a GUT then, apart from other advantages, it is possible to obtain the see-saw scale necessary to understand small neutrino masses with Majorana coupling of order unity. Barring threshold or non-renormalizable gravitational effects, or assumed presence of additional light scalar particles of unprescribed origin, all other attempts to achieve manifest one-loop gauge coupling unification in SUSY SO(10) with left-right intermediate symmetry have not been successful so far. Attributing this failure to lack of flavor symmetry in the GUT, we show how the spontaneous symmetry breaking of $SO(10)\times S_4$ leads to such intermediate scale extending over a wide range, $M_R \simeq 5\times 10^{9}$ GeV to $10^{15}$ GeV. All the charged fermion masses are fitted at the see-saw scale, $M_N\simeq M_R \simeq 4 \times 10^{13}$ GeV which is obtained with Majorana coupling $f_0 \simeq 1$. Using a constrained parametrization in which CP-violation originates only from quark sector, besides other predictions made in the neutrino sector, the reactor mixing angle is found to be $\theta_{13} \simeq 3^{\circ} - 5^{\circ}$ which is in the range accessible to ongoing and planned experiments. The leptonic Dirac phase turns out to be $\delta \sim 2.9- 3.1$ radians with Jarlskog invariant $J \sim 2.95 \times 10^{-5} - 10^{-3}$.Comment: Minor clarification and few references added to match the published versio

Higher Dimensional Taub-NUTs and Taub-Bolts in Einstein-Maxwell Gravity

We present a class of higher dimensional solutions to Einstein-Maxwell equations in d-dimensions. These solutions are asymptotically locally flat, de-Sitter, or anti-de Sitter space-times. The solutions we obtained depend on two extra parameters other than the mass and the nut charge. These two parameters are the electric charge, q and the electric potential at infinity, V, which has a non-trivial contribution. We Analyze the conditions one can impose to obtain Taub-Nut or Taub-Bolt space-times, including the four-dimensional case. We found that in the nut case these conditions coincide with that coming from the regularity of the one-form potential at the horizon. Furthermore, the mass parameter for the higher dimensional solutions depends on the nut charge and the electric charge or the potential at infinity.Comment: 11 pages, LaTe

Prisoners’ perceptions of care and rehabilitation from prison officers trained as 5 minute interventionists: analytical summary

The Five Minute Intervention (FMI) project trained prison officers to turn everyday conversations into rehabilitative opportunities using skills such as Socratic questioning, active listening, and affirmation. Webster and Kenny (2015) reported on the experiences of prison officers involved in the FMI pilot. This research reports on the experiences of ten male prisoners who participated in FMI conversations with prison officers. FMI training now forms part of the national training programme for prison staff

Classical predictability and coarse-grained evolution of the quantum baker's map

We investigate how classical predictability of the coarse-grained evolution of the quantum baker's map depends on the character of the coarse-graining. Our analysis extends earlier work by Brun and Hartle [Phys. Rev. D 60, 123503 (1999)] to the case of a chaotic map. To quantify predictability, we compare the rate of entropy increase for a family of coarse-grainings in the decoherent histories formalism. We find that the rate of entropy increase is dominated by the number of scales characterising the coarse-graining.Comment: 28 pages, 1 figur

Accurate determination of the Lagrangian bias for the dark matter halos

We use a new method, the cross power spectrum between the linear density field and the halo number density field, to measure the Lagrangian bias for dark matter halos. The method has several important advantages over the conventional correlation function analysis. By applying this method to a set of high-resolution simulations of 256^3 particles, we have accurately determined the Lagrangian bias, over 4 magnitudes in halo mass, for four scale-free models with the index n=-0.5, -1.0, -1.5 and -2.0 and three typical CDM models. Our result for massive halos with $M \ge M_*$ ($M_*$ is a characteristic non-linear mass) is in very good agreement with the analytical formula of Mo & White for the Lagrangian bias, but the analytical formula significantly underestimates the Lagrangian clustering for the less massive halos $M < M_*. Our simulation result however can be satisfactorily described, with an accuracy better than 15%, by the fitting formula of Jing for Eulerian bias under the assumption that the Lagrangian clustering and the Eulerian clustering are related with a linear mapping. It implies that it is the failure of the Press-Schechter theories for describing the formation of small halos that leads to the inaccuracy of the Mo & White formula for the Eulerian bias. The non-linear mapping between the Lagrangian clustering and the Eulerian clustering, which was speculated as another possible cause for the inaccuracy of the Mo & White formula, must at most have a second-order effect. Our result indicates that the halo formation model adopted by the Press-Schechter theories must be improved.Comment: Minor changes; accepted for publication in ApJ (Letters) ; 11 pages with 2 figures include

Dynamical N-body Equlibrium in Circular Dilaton Gravity

We obtain a new exact equilibrium solution to the N-body problem in a one-dimensional relativistic self-gravitating system. It corresponds to an expanding/contracting spacetime of a circle with N bodies at equal proper separations from one another around the circle. Our methods are straightforwardly generalizable to other dilatonic theories of gravity, and provide a new class of solutions to further the study of (relativistic) one-dimensional self-gravitating systems.Comment: 4 pages, latex, reference added, minor changes in wordin