To What Extent Does the Privilege against Self-Incrimination Protect an Accused from Physical Disclosures

The Federal Government and forty-six states have incorporated within their constitutions the common law privilege against self-incrimination. Iowa and New Jersey, the two exceptions, have accepted the privilege, either by incorporation into their common law by judicial interpretation, or by statute. Originally, this universal acceptance was an outgrowth of the thumb-screw and rack days of the star chamber in England, and the protection from physical torture by officers of the law to extract confessions was deemed such a fundamental right\u27 as to warrant constitutional safeguards. However, since its adoption in this country, authorities both in and outside of the legal field have questioned the purpose and policy of retaining the privilege in any form

The Establishment of International Mechanisms for Enforcing Provisional Orders and Final Judgments Arising From Securities Law Violations

In the 1980s and early 1990s, securities regulators have made substantial progress in developing cooperative relationships to reduce the value of international borders as barriers to the detection and prosecution of securities fraud, but there needs to be an establishment of international mechanisms for enforcing provisional orders and final judgments. The development of mechanisms pursuant to which regulators can assist each other in freezing assets and recovering illicit profits is discussed

Fork in the Road: Design for commensality and well-being for Millennials

The pressures from today’s workplace environment have had serious effects on the physical and mental health of millennials. There is a need to restore a sense of community and leisure for these individuals, but in an efficient manner. Dining with friends or family, otherwise known as commensality, at local restaurants could be a way to reverse these consequences by mitigating the pain points or awkward moments of group dining (i.e. planning and deciding where to go, waiting for a table, and handling the bill when it wasn’t separated). This presents an opportunity to create a digital solution that serves as a logistics platform for the group dining experience. This is also intended to benefit local restaurants. The proposed mobile application, “Fork in the Road,” is a user experience and design thinking approach to this opportunity.Master of Art

Line tension and structure of smectic liquid crystal multilayers at the air-water interface

At the air/water interface, 4,-8-alkyl[1,1,-biphenyl]-4-carbonitrile (8CB) domains with different thicknesses coexist in the same Langmuir film, as multiple bilayers on a monolayer. The edge dislocation at the domain boundary leads to line tension, which determines the domain shape and dynamics. By observing the domain relaxation process starting from small distortions, we find that the line tension is linearly dependent on the thickness difference between the coexisting phases in the film. Comparisons with theoretical treatments in the literature suggest that the edge dislocation at the boundary locates near the center of the film, which means that the 8CB multilayers are almost symmetric with respect to the air/water interface.Comment: 21 pages, 6 figure

Guanylate cyclase C limits systemic dissemination of a murine enteric pathogen

BACKGROUND: Guanylate Cyclase C (GC-C) is an apically-oriented transmembrane receptor that is expressed on epithelial cells of the intestine. Activation of GC-C by the endogenous ligands guanylin or uroguanylin elevates intracellular cGMP and is implicated in intestinal ion secretion, cell proliferation, apoptosis, intestinal barrier function, as well as the susceptibility of the intestine to inflammation. Our aim was to determine if GC-C is required for host defense during infection by the murine enteric pathogen Citrobacter rodentium of the family Enterobacteriacea. METHODS: GC-C(+/+) control mice or those having GC-C genetically ablated (GC-C(−/−)) were administered C. rodentium by orogastric gavage and analyzed at multiple time points up to post-infection day 20. Commensal bacteria were characterized in uninfected GC-C(+/+) and GC-C(−/−) mice using 16S rRNA PCR analysis. RESULTS: GC-C(−/−) mice had an increase in C. rodentium bacterial load in stool relative to GC-C(+/+). C. rodentium infection strongly decreased guanylin expression in GC-C(+/+) mice and, to an even greater degree, in GC-C(−/−) animals. Fluorescent tracer studies indicated that mice lacking GC-C, unlike GC-C(+/+) animals, had a substantial loss of intestinal barrier function early in the course of infection. Epithelial cell apoptosis was significantly increased in GC-C(−/−) mice following 10 days of infection and this was associated with increased frequency and numbers of C. rodentium translocation out of the intestine. Infection led to significant liver histopathology in GC-C(−/−) mice as well as lymphocyte infiltration and elevated cytokine and chemokine expression. Relative to naïve GC-C(+/+) mice, the commensal microflora load in uninfected GC-C(−/−) mice was decreased and bacterial composition was imbalanced and included outgrowth of the Enterobacteriacea family. CONCLUSIONS: This work demonstrates the novel finding that GC-C signaling is an essential component of host defense during murine enteric infection by reducing bacterial load and preventing systemic dissemination of attaching/effacing-lesion forming bacterial pathogens such as C. rodentium

Attrition with spinal cord stimulation

The aim of this prospective study was to investigate whether spinal cord stimulation (SCS) significantly reduces pain intensity for up to 18-month follow-up in patients with chronic neuropathic pain. Forty-eight patients were recruited. Patients rated their pain using a Visual analog scale (VAS) and pain-related disability using the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) at baseline (1 week prior to SCS surgery) and at 6-, 12-, and 18-month follow-up. Pain intensity significantly decreased from baseline to all 3 time points [F (3,135) = 16.264, p < 0.001]. The greatest difference in the reduction of pain intensity was observed between baseline (M = 7.20, SD = 1.34) and 6-month follow-up (M = 4.60, SD = 2.20), [t(47) = 6.741, p < 0.001]. However, when looking at differences between the 6-month follow-up and subsequent assessments, statistically significant increases in pain intensity from the 6-month to the 12-month follow-up [t(47) = -2.788, p = 0.008], and from the 6-month to the 18-month follow-up [t(47) = -3.339, p = 0.002] could be observed. Statistically significant changes were also observed for clinical changes in pain scores [F (2,94) = 4.972, p = 0.009. There was a significant decrease in the percentage of clinical change obtained from the 6-month (M = 33.19, SD = 35.63) to the 12-month follow-up (M = 23.76, SD = 33.62), [t(47) = 2.347, p = 0.025], and from the 6-month to the 18-month follow-up (M = 18.34, SD = 33.51), [t(47) = 3.072, p = 0.004]. A number of patients also reported higher levels of pain intensity at the 12-and 18-month follow-up than at baseline.Pain-related disability scores significantly decreased from baseline (M = 55.04, SD = 16.43) to the 6-month follow up (M = 46.98, SD = 19.05), [t(47) = 3.464, p = 0.001] and from baseline to the 12-month follow up (M = 48.49, SD = 20.94), [t(47) = 2.918, p = 0.005], but not during the 18-month follow up (M = 51.75, SD = 20.92), [t(47) = 1.330, p =.190]. There was a significant increase in pain-related disability between the 6- and the 18-month follow up [t(47) = -2.188. p = 0.034]. These findings suggest that the beneficial effect of SCS on pain intensity may diminish over time, and that the 6-month follow-up scores may reflect a placebo effect. © 2015 The Neurosurgical Foundation

Determination of Inter-Phase Line Tension in Langmuir Films

A Langmuir film is a molecularly thin film on the surface of a fluid; we study the evolution of a Langmuir film with two co-existing fluid phases driven by an inter-phase line tension and damped by the viscous drag of the underlying subfluid. Experimentally, we study an 8CB Langmuir film via digitally-imaged Brewster Angle Microscopy (BAM) in a four-roll mill setup which applies a transient strain and images the response. When a compact domain is stretched by the imposed strain, it first assumes a bola shape with two tear-drop shaped reservoirs connected by a thin tether which then slowly relaxes to a circular domain which minimizes the interfacial energy of the system. We process the digital images of the experiment to extract the domain shapes. We then use one of these shapes as an initial condition for the numerical solution of a boundary-integral model of the underlying hydrodynamics and compare the subsequent images of the experiment to the numerical simulation. The numerical evolutions first verify that our hydrodynamical model can reproduce the observed dynamics. They also allow us to deduce the magnitude of the line tension in the system, often to within 1%. We find line tensions in the range of 200-600 pN; we hypothesize that this variation is due to differences in the layer depths of the 8CB fluid phases.Comment: See (http://www.math.hmc.edu/~ajb/bola/) for related movie

Shrub Management Handbook for Utah Rangelands

This handbook is a guide to developing realistic project plans and implementing appropriate management strategies by enhancing your understanding of basic shrub biology, ecological concepts,and management principles

Renormalization of Lepton Mixing for Majorana Neutrinos

We discuss the one-loop electroweak renormalization of the leptonic mixing matrix in the case of Majorana neutrinos, and establish its relationship with the renormalization group evolution of the dimension five operator responsible for the light Majorana neutrino masses. We compare our results in the effective theory with those in the full seesaw theory.Comment: 28 pages. With axodra

Synthesis, Characterization, and Cytotoxicity Studies of a Copper(II) Complex with vanillin 3-ethyl-thiosemcarbazone a Ligand

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is one of the most aggressive and challenging breast cancer subtypes to treat, as these cancer cells lack three common receptors: estrogen, progesterone, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. The multiple oxidation states transition metals can occupy have made this narrowly explored group popular for anti-cancer research in recent decades. Furthermore, the success of cisplatin, which has platinum as a metal center, while being a cancer-fighting agent with serious side effects, has caused other metal centers to be investigated as possible alternatives as chemotherapeutic drugs. Copper, as a biologically essential metal, makes an attractive candidate for a metal center in chemotherapeutic drugs. Additionally, metal-based compounds that contain thiosemicarbazones as ligands possess a wide range of biological activities. These ligands also have anti-cancer properties due to their ability to interfere with enzymes that catalyze DNA synthesis. Moreover, the biomedical activity of the thiosemicarbazones is enhanced by coordination to a transition metal center. Therefore, research involving thiosemicarbazones has become widespread due to their metal coordination capabilities. This study aims to synthesize, characterize, and utilize a copper(II) complex with vanillin 3-ethyl-thiosemcarbazone as a ligand in cytotoxicity studies. Elemental analysis, high resolution mass spectrometry, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FTIR, and UV-visible spectroscopies will be utilized to characterize the complex. The cytotoxic activities of the complex will be determined using CCK-8 assay on the human TNBC cell line, MDA-MB-231-VIM RFP. Additionally, the MCF-10A human breast epithelial tissue cell line and cisplatin will be used as a controls in order to determine the efficacy of the complex