Attosecond metrology of multi-PHz currents in solids

Command over electron motion by synthesized electric fields forms the basis for modern computing, information and signal processing. The rate of computation (electronics in general) is adjudged by the speed at which currents (electronic motion) can be turned on and off through an electronic component per se a transistor. Electronic motion in conventional electronics is primarily incoherent due to very high scattering rate of electrons implying operation of electronics only in a binary mode i.e. high and low currents. In this thesis measurement and control of electric currents induced by optical driving laser pulses in the conduction band of a dielectric material (SiO2) extending in frequency up to ~ 8 PHz is presented. Driving electrons with ultrashort laser pulses with duration shorter than their quantum dephasing times (~ few fs) inside bulk materials essentially make the electron motion coherent. Electronics operating with underlying coherent electron motion carries way more information as the conserved phases of electrons during its operation can be all sources of information. Human endeavour towards light induced electric currents goes back to 1900s when K. F. Braun the inventor of rectifying diode made pioneering efforts in this direction. Ultrafast laser pulses have the capability to induce electronic motion inside solids at a very high oscillating frequency; unfortunately interaction of laser pulses with solids have been eclipsed for a long time by the material damage on exposure to laser pulses. However, lately with advanced fabrication techniques ultrathin samples are readily available and technological innovation have pushed the pulse duration of laser pulses down to only few fs; both of which are important to mitigate damage. Generation of EUV radiation extending in frequency upto 10 PHz by optically induced currents inside SiO2 was demonstrated a couple of years back, however underlying motion of electrons, whether is was vertical transitions along the energy hierarchy of SiO2 or lateral motion (scattering) along the dispersion profile of electronic bands was not clear. Its found that motion of electrons in the energy landscape of conduction bands (intraband current) which is the same as in conventional electronics is the cause behind observation of EUV radiation. The scattering dependent emission of EUV radiation from SiO2 is shown to bear significantly different temporal features compared to re-collision based generation of coherent EUV emission from noble gases. This thesis presents the capabilities of direct attosecond probing, confinement and waveform control of the intraband currents inside solids and establishes a new platform for multi-PHz coherent electronics and novel routes for fundamental study of electron dynamics and structure of condensed matter on the atomic scale. Properties of electrons at such frequencies, such as dynamic conductivity and current density have been measured, a switch in the dynamic conductivity has been shown to occur at a timescale close to 30 as. Phase coherence of intraband currents which is also directly linked to the CEP of isolated EUV attosecond pulses is also presented here for the first time. As an outcome of this work generation of first isolated attosecond pulses from a bulk solid is demonstrated. Ultrafast quantum interferences evolving on a time scale faster than 1 fs in a novel system of Xe atoms are studied by performing pump-probe spectroscopic measurements utilizing optical attosecond pulses, these experiments form a firm ground for studying quantum coherences in more complex systems with the unique tool of optical attosecond pulses

Odontogenic Myxoma Of The Maxilla: A Clinical Case Report And Review Of Literature

Odontogenic myxomas are rare benign mesenchymal  tumours of head and neck with a potential for  local infiltration and recurrence. They appear to originate from the dental papilla, follicle or periodontal ligament in mandible and less commonly the maxilla.These usually present in second or third decade of life as slowly progressive space occupying lesion in the jaw giving a  mixed radiopaque-radiolucent appearance.The treatment is considered to be wide local excision in view of high recurrence with curettage alone. Here, we present a case of odontogenic myxoma of maxilla, in a 40 year old lady, with a brief review of  literature, clinical, radiological, histopathological characteristics and therapeutic modality employed.

C&R Tree based Air Target Classification Using Kinematics

Since the improvement in Anti Radar Material technology and stealth technology grows, there are immense counter measures that have opened to deny such technologies for classification to the adversary. At the same time it is observed that radar is continuously tracking the air target. This track data represents the kinematics which can be efficiently manipulated for effective classification without being deceived. The present study uses decision tree based classifier, specifically Classification and Regression Tree (CRT) algorithm over certain significant feature vectors. It classifies the data set of an air target into a target class where feature vectors are derived from the Radar Track Data using Matlab code. The work presented here aims to assess the performance of CRT. Although the methods and results presented here are for Air Target Classification, they may give insight for other applications

Pattern of Internet Usage among Management and Engineering Teachers: A Comparative Study

The Internet is the worldwide publicly accessible network of interconnected computer networks that transmit data using some special protocols. It is a network of networks which consists of millions of smaller domestic, academic, business and government networks. Today, the dependency of academicians on internet has increased. They use internet for various purposes like updating knowledge, research, information sharing, seeking information, e-mail etc. This study aims to explore the various purposes for which the teachers of engineering and management institutions use Internet and also to compare the usage of Internet amongst the management and engineering teachers

Attosecond metrology of multi-PHz currents in solids

Command over electron motion by synthesized electric fields forms the basis for modern computing, information and signal processing. The rate of computation (electronics in general) is adjudged by the speed at which currents (electronic motion) can be turned on and off through an electronic component per se a transistor. Electronic motion in conventional electronics is primarily incoherent due to very high scattering rate of electrons implying operation of electronics only in a binary mode i.e. high and low currents. In this thesis measurement and control of electric currents induced by optical driving laser pulses in the conduction band of a dielectric material (SiO2) extending in frequency up to ~ 8 PHz is presented. Driving electrons with ultrashort laser pulses with duration shorter than their quantum dephasing times (~ few fs) inside bulk materials essentially make the electron motion coherent. Electronics operating with underlying coherent electron motion carries way more information as the conserved phases of electrons during its operation can be all sources of information. Human endeavour towards light induced electric currents goes back to 1900s when K. F. Braun the inventor of rectifying diode made pioneering efforts in this direction. Ultrafast laser pulses have the capability to induce electronic motion inside solids at a very high oscillating frequency; unfortunately interaction of laser pulses with solids have been eclipsed for a long time by the material damage on exposure to laser pulses. However, lately with advanced fabrication techniques ultrathin samples are readily available and technological innovation have pushed the pulse duration of laser pulses down to only few fs; both of which are important to mitigate damage. Generation of EUV radiation extending in frequency upto 10 PHz by optically induced currents inside SiO2 was demonstrated a couple of years back, however underlying motion of electrons, whether is was vertical transitions along the energy hierarchy of SiO2 or lateral motion (scattering) along the dispersion profile of electronic bands was not clear. Its found that motion of electrons in the energy landscape of conduction bands (intraband current) which is the same as in conventional electronics is the cause behind observation of EUV radiation. The scattering dependent emission of EUV radiation from SiO2 is shown to bear significantly different temporal features compared to re-collision based generation of coherent EUV emission from noble gases. This thesis presents the capabilities of direct attosecond probing, confinement and waveform control of the intraband currents inside solids and establishes a new platform for multi-PHz coherent electronics and novel routes for fundamental study of electron dynamics and structure of condensed matter on the atomic scale. Properties of electrons at such frequencies, such as dynamic conductivity and current density have been measured, a switch in the dynamic conductivity has been shown to occur at a timescale close to 30 as. Phase coherence of intraband currents which is also directly linked to the CEP of isolated EUV attosecond pulses is also presented here for the first time. As an outcome of this work generation of first isolated attosecond pulses from a bulk solid is demonstrated. Ultrafast quantum interferences evolving on a time scale faster than 1 fs in a novel system of Xe atoms are studied by performing pump-probe spectroscopic measurements utilizing optical attosecond pulses, these experiments form a firm ground for studying quantum coherences in more complex systems with the unique tool of optical attosecond pulses

A Review of Diabetic Foot Osteomyelitis: Focus on Diagnosis, Clinical Presentation, Management and Outcomes

Diabetic foot osteomyelitis (DFO) affects around 38.5 lakh patients in India. It is diagnosed using clinical and radiologicalapproaches. Polymicrobial etiology, peripheral artery disease (PAD) and peripheral neuropathy are commonly observed. Ahigh degree of clinical vigil is required to avoid underestimation of the extent of damage due to speed and spread of infectionand prevent chances of lower extremity amputation. ‘Time is Tissue’ (time taken to access multidisciplinary care) aptlyrepresents one of the critical factors affecting outcomes, along with anatomical location and presence of gangrenous tissues.Traditionally, DFO treatment is the most complex and controversial aspect of managing diabetic foot infections (DFIs). Thetherapeutic paradigm has evolved from high-level surgical resection of all necrotic and infected bone to the more refined andindividualized surgical interventions along with appropriate antibiotics and topical antimicrobials. It is necessary to have asurgeon available with diabetic foot expertise. The surgical outcome is facilitated with strict off-loading, wound management,agitation (freshening and scrapping of wound edges), biofilm disruption and negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) toaccelerate healing. Formal protocol-driven treatment can be provided by a multidisciplinary team involving surgical, medicaland podiatric specialties to reduce hospital stay and the need for repeat debridement.This review aims to present a completeoverview of the diagnosis, clinical presentation, management and outcomes of DFO according to scientific recommendationsand our experience, along with few illustrative case reports

Flap and finger-tip blood glucose level monitoring to predict venous thrombosis in free flaps: a simple and effective method

Background: Rapid detection and early re-exploration is the key to salvage congested flap. Various methods have been described in literature to monitor flaps in post operative period. We evaluate the efficacy of measurement of flap and fingertip blood glucose level and its role in predicting the flap congestion and salvage. Methods: prospective observational study conducted in a tertiary care centre in North India between December 2020 to December 2022. A total of patients 500 underwent 507 free tissue transfer were included in this study. Flap congestion was noted clinically in 41 flaps. In these 41 flaps, flap and fingertip blood glucose level were measured. Results: Congested appearing flaps divided into 2 groups. Group A consist of 8 flaps out of 41. The difference in flap and fingertip blood glucose level is less than 10%. Out of 8, 5 does not required re-exploration and were successfully salvaged. In 3 flaps, difference in flap and fingertip glucose level rises with time and were taken for re-exploration. Out of these 3, 2 were successful salvaged. Group B consist of 31 flaps. In these 31 flaps, 41. the difference in flap and fingertip blood glucose level is more than 10%. All these flaps were re-explored and 21 were salvaged. Conclusions: Flap and body glucose level monitoring is a simple and reliable method for flap monitoring and it can be performed by residents as well as nursing staff

The Good lower bound of Second-order nonlinearity of a class of Boolean function

In this paper we find the lower bound of second-order nonlinearity of Boolean function $f_{\lambda}(x) = Tr_{1}^{n}(\lambda x^{p})$ with $p = 2^{2r} + 2^{r} + 1$, $\lambda \in \mathbb{F}_{2^{r}}^{*}$ and $n = 5r$. It is also demonstrated that the lower bound obtained in this paper is much better than the lower bound obtained by Iwata-Kurosawa \cite{c14}, and Gangopadhyay et al. (Theorem 1, \cite{c12})

On lower bounds on second--order nonliearities of bent functions obtained by using Niho power functions

In this paper we find a lower bound of the second-order nonlinearities of Boolean bent functions of the form $f(x) = Tr_{1}^{n}(\alpha_{1}x^{d_{1}} + \alpha_{2}x^{d_{2}})$,where $d_1$ and $d_2$ are Niho exponents. A lower bound of the second-order nonlinearities of these Boolean functions can also be obtained by using a result proved by Li, Hu and Gao (eprint.iacr.org/2010 /009.pdf). It is demonstrated that for large values of $n$ the lower bound obtained in this paper are better than the lower bound obtained by Li, Hu and Gao