Recent technologies for transforming textile waste into value-added products:A review

The disposal of textile waste has become a growing issue worldwide. The rising consumption of clothing and textile materials has resulted in high waste generation. This could adversely impact environmental health, including humans, animals and plants. The three textile recycling methods can be divided into mechanical, chemical, and biological processes. There has been a focus on mechanical and chemical processes, pyrolysis, enzymatic hydrolysis, biological recycling, and microbial engineering in the area of textile waste managment. This review highlight the important parameters that affect the textile recycling performance and are significant for the success of the transformation process. To reach the zero-waste goal, textile recycling and converting this waste into value-added bioproducts are the necessary steps. The present review addresses the current status of textile recycling strategies, and the valorisation processes for converting textile waste materials into value-added products like biofuels, bioplastics, and others sustainable materials.</p

Low latitude ionospheric variations during geomagnetic storms measured using ROCSAT-1 satellite observations

171-179In the present paper the response of ionospheric parameters- ion densities and ion temperature (H+, O+ and Ti) to a weak (30 July 1999) and a moderate (13 November 1999) geomagnetic storm (GS) at low latitude Indian region using observed and modelled values has been analyzed. The study has been carried out by using ROCSAT-1 satellite data over the region encompassed between 5-35º geog N and 65-95º geog E at an average altitude ~ 600 km. A comparative study has also been done with the IRI-2016 modelled values. The ionospheric plasma parameters have shown anomalous behaviour during disturbed days in comparison to the quiet days. For the weak GS, both the average O+ and H+ density have been increased by a factor of around 1.8 during disturbed and quiet days respectively as calculated by ROCSAT-1. For the moderate GS, the average O+ and H+ density has been increased by a factor of around 2.7 and 6.3 respectively during disturbed and quiet days respectively, as calculated by ROCSAT-1. And the least or negligible variation has been observed in Ti for both measured and modelled values during weak and moderate GS

Metagenomic approach towards bioprospection of novel biomolecule(s) and environmental bioremediation

Microorganisms have developed several physiological adaptations to survive within extreme ecological niches including environments contaminated with heavy metals, pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and nuclear wastes. Microorganisms in extreme habitat are potential source of “novel biomolecule(s)” such as whole microbial cells, extremozymes and extremolytes, significantly required for environmental, industrial, and red medical/pharmaceutical biotechnology. These novel biomolecule(s) are valuable resources and may help improve economic development. The scanty information about the factors governing the microbial growth within stressed environments is the major constraint in the recovery of novel biomolecule(s) from extreme habitats. Understanding the structure, metabolic capabilities, microbial physiology, and factors governing the composition and role of indigenous microorganism is the key to success of any study. In recent past the problems associated with classical cultivation techniques have been resolved by an emerging approach referred to as “metagenomics”. Metagenomic studies give an insight into details of the structure, metabolic and physiological capabilities of indigenous microbial communities. High-throughput sequencing technologies in conjunction with metagenomics has aided in the identification and characterization of novel culturable and uncultured microorganisms with unique capabilities. Metagenomic studies have been used for isolation and characterization of novel biomolecule(s) relevant for white, grey, and red biotechnologies. The major objective of this review is to discuss the applications of metagenomic approach for bioprospection of novel biomolecule(s) and environmental bioremediation.http://www.sciencedomain.org/journal/32am2018Genetic

Microbial biosorbent for remediation of dyes and heavy metals pollution: A green strategy for sustainable environment

Toxic wastes like heavy metals and dyes are released into the environment as a direct result of industrialization and technological progress. The biosorption of contaminants utilizes a variety of biomaterials. Biosorbents can adsorb toxic pollutants on their surface through various mechanisms like complexation, precipitation, etc. The quantity of sorption sites that are accessible on the surface of the biosorbent affects its effectiveness. Biosorption’s low cost, high efficiency, lack of nutrient requirements, and ability to regenerate the biosorbent are its main advantages over other treatment methods. Optimization of environmental conditions like temperature, pH, nutrient availability, and other factors is a prerequisite to achieving optimal biosorbent performance. Recent strategies include nanomaterials, genetic engineering, and biofilm-based remediation for various types of pollutants. The removal of hazardous dyes and heavy metals from wastewater using biosorbents is a strategy that is both efficient and sustainable. This review provides a perspective on the existing literature and brings it up-to-date by including the latest research and findings in the field

Design, Analysis and Implementation of ZCS-ZVS Buck Converter with Auxiliary Circuit

Now a day’s power converters are a basic need in technical fields. Power efficiency is the biggest challenge with the modern power converters. Higher efficiency, smaller size, and lighter weight modules lead to operate the converters in the high-frequency range. The problems generally associated with converters are switching and conduction losses. Converter operating at high frequency causes a high grade of power loss making it inefficient. These losses occur due to overlapping of voltage and current during the transition interval. In this thesis ZVS- ZCS soft switching skill is implemented using the buck converter along with auxiliary circuit for reducing the losses. The inclusion of auxiliary circuit improves the switching losses but at certain increased cost. In this thesis a soft switching technique has been done including simulation and implication to improve the efficiency of isolated and non-isolated power converter operating in the highfrequency range. The designed converter uses two switches which operates in different switching schemes i.e., zero voltage switching (ZVS) and zero current switching(ZCS).both the switching schemes has advantage of increased efficiency of the buck converter with respect to hard switching. The pulse width modulated signals are generated sequentially with a delay circuit in open loop circuit. The auxiliary circuit has advantage of its operation in both isolated and non isolated converter. The operating principle, mathematical equations, MATLAB/SIMULINK simulation and results of ZCS-ZVS buck converter has been discussed. A 12 V, 35-watt buck converter has been implemented to validate the simulation results obtained

Efficient removal of Cr (VI) from aqueous solution by using tannery by-product (Buffing Dust)

The current study is focused on using tannery waste called buffing dust to remove hexavalent chromium from an aqueous solution. The buffing dust was characterised by using different technique like FTIR, SEM, and BET analysis. The adsorption experiment was conducted in batch mode. The different operating factors including contact time, dose and initial Cr (VI) concentration were investigated. The optimum adsorption capacity was observed at contact time of 240 min and dose of 1g/100 mL. The adsorption isotherm such as Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin were investigated at different initial concentration. It was observed that Langmuir isotherm model was best fitted for present study with maximum adsorption efficiency of 11.33 mg/g. The kinetic study was performed for pseudo first order and pseudo second order and it was found that pseudo second order model was provided the best match with regression coefficient (R2) of 0.9991

Influence of Inorganic Fertilizers in Conjunction with Organic Manures on Growth, Yield and Quality of Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. Italica)

A research work was conducted in the research farm of Nalanda College of Horticulture, Noorsarai, Nalanda (Bihar-803113) during Rabi season of academic year 2021-22 to study the Influence of Inorganic Fertilizers in conjunction with organic manures on growth, yield and Quality of Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. Italica) in a randomized block design with 11 treatments. The Treatment, T5 (50% RDN + 50% N as PM) recorded maximum values for plant height (37.41cm and 56.13 cm), number of leaves per plant (16.53 and 20.11), leaf area (749.51cm2 and 949.57 cm2) at 45 DAT and 60DAT respectively. The treatment, T5 also recorded least days for head initiation (44.60 DAT) and highest value for diameter of head (15.93 cm), length of head (14.97 cm), wt. of head/plant (407.16 gm), wt. of head/plot (16.29Kg.), wt. of head/ha (150.65q.), vitamin C (92.43 mg/g), dry matter (11.57%), gross returns (Rs. 4,14,287.50/ha) and net returns (Rs. 3,19,448.00/ha) with B:C ratio of 3.36. This was followed by treatment T4 (50% RDN + 50% N as VC). Among all the treatments, the Treatment T5 (50% RDN + 50% N as PM) was found to be the best for obtaining better growth and optimum yield. Regarding qualitative characters and better soil health, treatment T4 (50% RDN + 50% N as VC) performed well

Synthesis and characterization of stir casted Cu-ZrO2-Graphite hybrid metal matrix composites for thermal management structures

The present study aims at investigating the properties of copper matrix-based hybrid metal matrix composites (MMCs) reinforced with ZrO2 and Graphite. The MMCs were prepared using stir casting technique. The composite material was developed for its application in thermal management structures. The properties of the prepared MMCs were found to be dependent on the reinforcements content present in the MMCs. ZrO2 and Graphite reinforcements were added (0.5–0.5, 1.0–1.0, 1.5–1.5 and 2.0–2.0 wt %) in the four composite samples prepared via stir casting. Amongst several available techniques, stir casting was chosen to prepare the samples due to its simplicity and economic viability. The phase identification was done by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the microstructure was observed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). No intermediate phase was observed from the XRD results. The reinforcement phase was found to be dispersed in a uniform manner as observed through the SEM micrographs. The density of the samples was found to decrease with an increase in the reinforcements content. The density of the composite sample containing 2 wt. % of each reinforcement was found to be 8.01 g/cm3 which was 10% lesser than pure copper. Hardness of pure copper sample was found to be 35.71 BHN; however, the hardness of composite sample containing 4 wt. % of each of the reinforcements was found to be 70.14 BHN which indicates an increase of around 100%. Wear rate of pure copper and composite sample containing 5 wt. % of each of the reinforcements was found to be 0.3788 mm3/Km and 0.3603 mm3/Km, respectively, at 20 N load. However, the composite samples consisting of 4 wt. % of each of the reinforcements exhibited wear rate of 0.3001 mm3/Km which was 20% lesser than that of pure copper at the same load. The compressive strength of composite sample containing 2.0 wt. % ZrO2 and graphite was found to be 674.57 MPa which was around 1.25% higher than the composite sample containing 0.5 wt. % reinforcements. The specific heat of the samples was found to increase marginally with an increase in reinforcement content. It is expected that the hybrid composites developed will be suitable for use in structural applications pertaining to thermal management