Molecular and phenotypic characterisation of zebrafish mutants displaying defects in axonal development in the central nervous system

Zebrafish mutants isolated from large-scale chemical mutagenesis screens display defects in various aspects of embryonic development (Driever, 1996; Haffter, 1996). The aim of this project was to investigate the role of monorailtv53a , eisspaltety77e, otterta76b and shrinkU41 in central nervous system (CNS) development, both by characterisation of mutant phenotypes and by genetic mapping and identification of the mutated genes. It was anticipated that the findings would provide new insights into early vertebrate brain development by increasing knowledge of the components involved in neuronal patterning and axon pathfinding in the CNS. Phenotypic analysis of homozygous monorailtv53a mutant embryos revealed a reduction in the width of the floor plate in the ventral CNS as well as defects in induction and patterning of adjacent neurons in the midbrain and hindbrain. The gene was mapped to linkage group 17 in a region harbouring two fork head genes, foxA1 and foxA2, both of which are expressed in the floor plate. Sequence analysis of foxA1 revealed no significant changes in amino acid sequence between monorail and wild-type siblings. Sequence analysis of foxA2 identified a nonsense mutation in the conserved fork head DNA binding domain in monorail. This change creates a stop codon and results in absence of 84 % of the DNA binding domain, complete loss of transactivating domains II and III and is predicted to render the FoxA2 protein nonfunctional. Phenotypic characterisation and genetic mapping of shrinkU41, otterta76b and eisspaltety77e was undertaken and revealed defasciculation of forebrain commissural axons and abnormal retinotectal projections in all mutants. These genes were mapped to linkage groups 6 (shrink) and 14 (otter and eisspalte). Further investigation of possible candidates for the shrink, otter and eisspalte phenotypes is underway

EKSISTENSI PERADILAN IN ABSENTIA DALAM HUKUM ACARA PIDANA DI INDONESIA MENURUT KUHAP

Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana perkembangan Peradilan In Absentia di dalam sistem peradilan yang ada di Indonesia menurut Undang-undang No. 10 tahun 2010 serta relevansinya dengan hak terdakwa untuk mendapatkan dan melakukan pembelaan menurut Undang-undang No.8 tahun 1981 dan apa dampak dari pelaksanaan peradilan In Absentia bagipara pelaku Tindak Pidana Pencucian Uang, dan Pelaku Tindak Pidana Korupsi yang ingin coba-coba meloloskan diri dari jeratan hukum. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif dan dapat disimpulkan: 1. Perkembangan peradilan in absentia dalam sistem peradilan di Indonesia, Peradilan in absentia yang meskipun belum mempunyai aturan yang pasti atau belum ada undang-undang yang mengatur secara jelas tentang peradilan in absentia, namun sejauh ini peradilan in absentia sudah memberikan kontribusi yang cukup memuaskan terhadap sistem peradilan di Indonesia yang berlandaskan Undang-undang No. 8 tahun 1981 atau disebut dengan KUHAP. Kontribusi terbesar peradilan in absentia ialah terutama dalam memberantas dan menangani tindak kejahatan yangmelintasi wilayah territorial. 2. Dampak peradilan in absentia, kinerja yang baik dari pelaksanaan peradilan in absentia ternyata lebih banyak menghasilkan dampak yang positif dibandingkan dampak negatif. Sebagaimana hasil terbaik dari pelaksanaan peradilan in absentia yaitu mempersempit kemungkinan pelaku tindak kejahatan melarikan diri atau meloloskan diri dari jeratan hukum. Kata kunci: Eksistensi, peradilan, in absentia

A Comparative Clinical Study to evaluate the effect of Haritaki Churna and Amalaki Churna in Pandu (Iron Deficiency Anemia)

Pandu is a Pitta Pradhana Tridoshaja Vyadhi producing Pandutva or Pandu Varna in Mukha, Nayana, Asya and Mutra. Alpa Rakthata, Vaivarnaya, Agni Mandhya, Ojokshaya and Balahani are other symptoms. It affects people of all ages irrespective of sex. Haritaki Churna and Amalaki Churna are having Deepana, Pachana, Varnya, Tridosha Shamaka, Raktha Vardhaka, Rasayana and Ojovardhaka properties which helps in Samprapti Vighatana of Pandu Roga. This study is an attempt to clinically analyze the independent effect of Haritaki Churna and Amalaki Churna in Pandu Roga.This study is a single blind comparative clinical study conducted on 60 subjects divided randomly in two groups. They were reviewed at an interval of 15 days for 1 month. Haritaki Churna was given at a dose of 1.5g. twice a day with Madhu before food. Amalaki Churna was given at a dose of 1.5g. twice a day with Madhu before food. The Patients were assessed with severity of symptoms subjectively and objectively before and after treatment. Data from each group were statistically analyzed and compared. Both the group showed marked results but Amalaki Churna is slightly significant then the Haritaki Churna in the management of Pandu (IDA). The study shows that both Haritaki Churna and Amalaki Churna are effective in relieving the symptoms of Pandu Roga. Haritaki Churna was effective in subjective parameter like Pandutva, Arohanayasa, Shrama, Aruchi, Bhrama, Daurbalya, Hairfall, Bodyache, Glossitis, Hb%, RBC, and Sr.Ferritin. Amalaki Churna was effective in conditions like Pandutva, Arohanayasa, Aruchi, Shrama, Karna Ksweda, Daurbalya, Hairfall, Bodyache, Hb% PCV, Sr.Iron and TIBC

Review on Vyanga vis a vis Melasma

Vyanga (Melasma) is a common, acquired and symmetrical hypermelanosis characterized by more or less dark brownish maculae, with irregular contour, but clear limits, on photo exposed areas, especially the face, forehead, temples, and more rarely on the nose, eyelids, chin, and upper lips. In Ayurveda, Vyanga has been elaborated as one of the Kshudra Rogas (minor ailments). Vyanga is a disease which belongs to Swalpa variety of Ksudra Roga. Vayu aggravated by Krodha and Ayasa, get associated with Pitta and suddenly produces a thin, grey colored circular patch when reaches the face. Both modern and Ayurvedic sciences have considered the use of topical as well as oral medications and their combinations for the treatment of Vyanga. In Ayurveda, Vyanga has been treated both by Antah-Parimarjan and Bahi-Parimarjana Chikitsa. Though, several Ayurvedic texts such as Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanga Samgraha & Hridaya, etc., have elaborated the pathophysiology and treatment of Vyanga, the available references are scattered. Thus, there is need of in-depth review and compilation of Ayurvedic texts and literatures. This review may be helpful in better understanding of comparative pathophysiology and management of Vyanga (Melasma)

In-vitro application of pentoxifylline preserved ultrastructure of spermatozoa after vitrification in asthenozoospermic patients

Abstract PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of in vitro application of pentoxifylline (PX) on sperm parameters and ultrastructure after vitrification in asthenozoospermic patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 30 asthenozoospermic semen samples (aged 25-45 years) were divided into four groups before vitrification, after vitrification, control (without PX) and experimental (with PX). In experimental group, each sample was exposed for 30 min to 3.6mmol/l PX and the control group without any treatment apposing in 370C for 30 min. After incubation, the samples were washed and analyzed again. Vitrification was done according to straw method. Eosin-nigrosin and Papanicolaou staining were applied for assessment of sperm viability and morphology, respectively. The samples without PX and post treatment with PX were assessed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). RESULTS: A significant decrease in sperm motility (P ≤ .001), morphology (11.47 ± 2.9 versus 6.73 ± 2.01) and viability (73.37 ± 6.26 versus 54.67 ± 6.73) was observed post vitrification, but sperm motility (19.85 ± 4.75 versus 32.07 ± 5.58, P ≤ .001) was increased significantly following application of PX. This drug had no significant (P >.05) detrimental neither negative effect on ultrastructure acrosome, plasma membrane and coiled tail statues of spermatozoa. CONCLUSION: Vitrification had detrimental effects on sperm parameters, but PX reversed detrimental effects on sperm motility. However, PX had no alteration on ultrastructure morphology of human spermatozoa after vitrification

Pendapatan Usahatani Kelapa Di Desa Jiko Belanga Kecamatan Nuangan Kabupaten Bolaang Mongondow Timur

This study aims to calculate the income of coconut farming in Jiko Belanga Village, Nuangan District, East Bolaang Mongondow Regency. This research was conducted during September 2022. The data used in this research are primary data and secondary data. Primary data was obtained through direct interviews with 10 respondents using a questionnaire. And secondary data obtained through books, journals, and literature related to this research topic. The results of this study indicate that the average income received by the farmers of Jiko Belanga Village, Nuangan District, East Bolaang Mongondow Regency with coconut farming for one harvest/per quarter (3 months) with copra production of IDR4,956,517. and income per hectare is IDR2,065,215

Effects of multiple doses of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist on the luteal-phase support in assisted reproductive cycles: A clinical trial study

Background: The effect of adding gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist on the luteal phase support in assisted reproductive technique (ART) cycles is controversial. Objective: To determine the effects of adding multiple doses of GnRH agonist to the routine luteal phase support on ART cycle outcomes. Materials and Methods: This clinical trial study included 200 participants who underwent the antagonist protocol at the Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Yazd, Iran, between January and March 2020. Of the 200, 168 cases who met the inclusion criteria were equally divided into two groups – the case and the control groups. Both groups received progesterone in the luteal phase, following which the case group received GnRH agonist subcutaneously (0/1 mg triptorelin) zero, three, and six days after the fresh embryo transfer, while the control group did not receive anything. Finally, chemical and clinical pregnancy rates, number of mature oocytes, fertilization rate, total dose of gonadotropin, and the estradiol level were determined. Results: The baseline characteristics were similar in both groups. No significant difference was observed between embryo transfer cycles. Clinical results showed that differences between the fertilization rate, chemical and clinical pregnancies were not significant. Conclusion: The results showed that receiving multiple doses of GnRH agonist in the luteal phase of ART cycles neither improves embryo implantation nor the pregnancy rates; therefore, further studies are required. Key words: Luteal phase, GnRH agonist, ART, Pregnancy rate

Is there any correlation between Estradiol supplementation, as luteal phase support, and clinical pregnancy in ART cycles? A cross-sectional study

Background: Endometrial receptivity is one of the important factors in assisted reproductive technology (ART) success. In the luteal phase of an ART cycle, serum estradiol (E2) and progesterone are often placed in low levels. Supporting the luteal phase with progesterone is a usual method. Objective: To evaluate the effects of E2 supplementation plus progesterone on the luteal phase support in the antagonist protocol who have undergone intracytoplasmic sperm injection-embryo transfer cycles. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 200 patients with antagonist stimulation protocol, who had undergone intracytoplasmic sperm injection treatment, were divided into two groups based on the use of E2 supplementation. In both groups, 400 mg progesterone suppositories (Cyclogest®), twice a day/vaginally, was administered starting from the day of oocyte collection until the fetal heart activity. However, in the E2 group, in addition to progesterone, 4 mg tablet of E2 was received daily. Beta hCG was checked 14 days after the embryo transfer, and the clinical pregnancy rate was the main endpoint. Results: The patients’ characteristics were matched, and insignificant differences were observed, except for endometrial thickness. The clinical outcomes showed the rate of pregnancy was higher in the E2 group compared to the control group; nonetheless, statistically, there was no noticeable difference. Conclusion: E2 supplementation had no beneficial effect in the luteal phase support of IVF cycles. Nevertheless, more studies are required to confirm the supportive role of E2 supplementation for embryo implantation and to improve the outcomes in ART cycles. Key words: Luteal phase, Estradiol, Progesterone, ICSI, Pregnancy rate

A Study of Human Rights Violation by Police in India

In India, an attempt has been made since 1999 to gather information on details of cases where human rights were violated due to Police excesses such as `Illegal Detentions’, `Fake Encounters’, `Extortion’, `Torture’, etc. by National Crime Record Bureau, New Delhi and National Human Rights Commission, New Delhi, Under Home Ministry, Government of India. The details are presented by NCRB’s Crime in India Report 2008, that as per the report 253 cases of Human Rights Violation by Police were reported throughout the country during 2008. Only 14 Policemen were charge-sheeted and only 08 of them were convicted for these Human Rights Violations during the year. Chhattisgarh has reported the maximum 233 cases (92.1% of such cases). 59 out of 253 cases were reported under crime head ‘Torture’. 39 and 33 cases were reported underthe head of ‘Extortion’ and ‘Failure in taking action’ respectively. 25 cases reported under the head of ‘False implication’. On the other hand, also Asian Centre for Human Rights (ACHR) in its latest report Torture in India 2009 states that in the last eight years (from April 2001 to March 2009), an estimated 1,184 persons were killed in police custody in India. Most of the victims were killed as a result of torture within the first 48 hours after being taken into custody. The official data available with (TwoCircles.net) says every second police encounter that takes place in the country is fake. Colonial-era police laws enable state and local politicians to interfere routinely in police operations, sometimes directing police officers to drop investigations against people with political connections, including known criminals, and to harass or file false charges against political opponents. These practices corrode public confidence