Christophe Chiclet, Les communistes grecs dans la guerre, Paris, l'Harmattan, 1987, 324 p.

The Greek Communist Party (KKE) has found in Christophe Chiclet a sympathetic historian, in the etymological sense of a person who feels suffering for the actors of his narrative. The years which he chronicles in detail, from 1941 to 1949, represent the heroic and tragic, but also the only significant period in the history of KKE, for, as he says,before 1941 and after 1949 the Party was and remains a marginal minority. There are some faults in Chiclet's book : an occasional tendency to take surmise for fact ; a tendency to quote for effect ; a very few misspellings and mistranslations. But the richness of Chiclet's written and oral sources, his understanding of communism, his mastery of detail, the fluency of his narrative and his sympathy for Greece, merit his study a place in the historiography of this latest member of the European Community

La candidature de la Turquie vue de Londres

La demande d'adhésion à la Communauté européenne faite par la Turquie en avril 1987 n'est discutée en Grande-Bretagne que par des spécialistes. L'opinion publique en sait peu, et s'en préoccupe encore moins. Le sentiment général est plutôt favorable à l'adhésion, tout en l'envisageant à très longue échéance

Alexandre Jevakhoff, Kemal Ataturk : les chemins de l'Occident, Paris, Tallandier, 1989, 490 p.

Le lecteur qui s'intéresse tant à la vie et à l'oeuvre d'Atatürk qu'aux fondements de la Turquie contemporaine trouvera dans le livre de d'Alexandre Jevakhoff tous les éléments nécessaires. Le récit est clair et, à quelques détails près, exact ; le style entraînant. Le spécialiste lui sera reconnaissant d'avoir mis au jour des documents tels que les rapports de l'attaché militaire français, Courson de la Villeneuve, qui observa Atatürk de près, d'un œil plutôt ironique, vers la fin de sa vie. Le spécialiste ne reprochera à l'auteur qu'un défaut, qui n'intéresse pas le grand public auquel le livre est destiné : c'est que les sources ne sont pas indiquées de façon très précise, même pour des citations entre guillemets

Orhan Pamuk at the heart of Turkish sadness

Orhan Pamuk was an renown author, when he published his lastest novel Yeni Hayat (The New Life) at the beginning of October 1994. Even so, the success of his work was impressive. Yeni Hayat is a pamphlet against violence, whose roots O. Pamuk understands all too well. It represents a major contribution to the understanding of certain periods in Turkey's history and offers a symbolic reference point to the millions of people, outside or inside Turkey, who live in squator and have nonetheless learned to preserve their common sense. Andrew Mango finds it comforting that the book found so many readers in Turkey

Ataturk and Kurds

Makalenin yazarı Andrew James MANGO, İngiliz-Rus kökenli olup, 1926’da İstanbul’da doğdu. Uzun yıllar boyunca Londra Üniversitesinde çalışmalarını sürdüren Mango, 1999 yılında Türk okuru tarafından yakından tanınmasını sağlayan “Atatürk- Modern Türkiye’nin Kurucusu kitabını çıkardı. Mango daha önce, BBC’nin Türkçe yayınlar bölümünde yöneticilik ve İngiltere’nin Ankara Büyükelçiliği’nde basın danışmanlığı yaptı. 1986 yılında emekliye ayrıldıktan sonra bütün çalışmalarını Türkiye ile ilgili konularda araştırmalara ayırdı. Sık sık Türkiye’yi ziyaret eden Mango, geçtiğimiz günlerde (6 Temmuz 2014) hayatını kaybetti. 1999 yılında Middle Eastern Studies adlı İngilizce derginin 35. sayısında yayımladığı “Atatürk ve Kürtler” başlıklı bu makalesinde, Mustafa Kemal’in Bağımsızlık Savaşı yıllarında Türkiye’nin Müslüman nüfusunun çok-etnikli niteliğine bakış açısını ve yaşanan gelişmeleri ayrıntılı şekilde incelemiştir. Ona göre Mustafa Kemal, Bağımsızlık Savaşı yıllarında Türkiye’nin Müslüman nüfusunun çok- etnikli niteliğini kabul ederken, aralarındaki kardeşliği de vurgulamıştır. Ayrıca yerel yönetimlerde etnik özelliklerin gözetileceğinin vaat edilmesine rağmen, 1923’ten sonra bu fikrin Türk siyasi gündeminin dışında bırakıldığından bahsedilmiştir. Bunun nedeni modern ulus devleti kurma gerekliliğinin ön plana çıkmasıdır. Bunun dışında makalede değinilen diğer önemli husus, Haziran 1934’te kabul edilen İskan Kanunu’dur. Britonların, Oksitanların, Savoyardlarıın, Flemenklerin Fransız kültürü içinde temsil edildiği Fransa örnek alınarak kabul edilen bu kanun ile, Türkiye yurttaşlarının hepsinin Türk kültürü içinde temsili uygun görülmüştür. Yine ayrıca bu hususta Tanzimat dönemi “hürriyet şairi” Namık Kemal’in yazdıklarından da örnekler sunulmuştur. Mango makalesinin bitiminde ise, bugün Güneş Dil Teorisi gibi Türk Tarih Tezi’nin de terkedildiğinden ve Türkiye halkının etnik kökenlerinin açıkça tartışıldığından söz etmiştir. Ona göre, “mozaik” sözcüğü, ülkenin etnik yapısını açıklamakta kullanılan bir klişe haline gelmiştir. Dolayısıyla, Mustafa Kemal’in Bağımsızlık Savaşı sırasındaki söylemlerine ve fikirlerine geri dönülmüştür.The author of the article, Andrew James Alexander Mango, origin of a British-Russian, was born in Istanbul in 1926. Continuing his studies at the University of London for many years, Mango released his book “Ataturk- The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey” in 1999, which provided him to be recognized closely by Turkish readers. Mango was previously an executive at the BBC's Turkish section of publications and a press adviser in the British Embassy in Ankara. After being retired in 1986, he devoted all his studies to research on issues related to Turkey. Mango, who frequently visited Turkey, recently died (July 6, 2014). In his this article named “Ataturk and Kurds”, which was published in the 35th issue of the English magazine named Middle Eastern Studies, he examined Mustafa Kemal’s perspective on Turkey's multi-ethnic nature of the Muslim population during the War of İndependence and the developments experienced, in detail. According to him, while recognizing the multi-ethnic nature of Turkey's Muslim population during the War of Independence, Mustafa Kemal also emphasized the brotherhood between them. In addition to this, although ethnic characteristics in local governments were promised to be protected, it was mentioned that the idea was dropped out of Turkish political agenda after 1923. This was because of necessity to create a modern nation state to come into prominence. Apart from that, another important issue addressed in the article was the Law of Settlement which was adopted in June 1934. With this law, modelled from France, where Bretons, Occitanians, Savoyards, Flemings, etc. had all been represented in French culture, presentation of all Turkey's citizens in Turkish culture was deemed suitable. Still further, in this respect, examples were also presented in the writings of Tanzimat reforms era "liberty poet” Namık Kemal. At the end of the article, Mango mentioned that, today the Turkish Historical Thesis has been dropped together with the Sun Theory of Language and ethnic roots of the people of Turkey are openly discussed. According to him, the word ‘mosaic’ has become a cliché in describing the country’s ethnic picture. Hence, it was reverted to the rhetoric and ideas of Mustafa Kemal during the War of Independence

Employing phylogenetic tree shape statistics to resolve the underlying host population structure

BACKGROUND: Host population structure is a key determinant of pathogen and infectious disease transmission patterns. Pathogen phylogenetic trees are useful tools to reveal the population structure underlying an epidemic. Determining whether a population is structured or not is useful in informing the type of phylogenetic methods to be used in a given study. We employ tree statistics derived from phylogenetic trees and machine learning classification techniques to reveal an underlying population structure. RESULTS: In this paper, we simulate phylogenetic trees from both structured and non-structured host populations. We compute eight statistics for the simulated trees, which are: the number of cherries; Sackin, Colless and total cophenetic indices; ladder length; maximum depth; maximum width, and width-to-depth ratio. Based on the estimated tree statistics, we classify the simulated trees as from either a non-structured or a structured population using the decision tree (DT), K-nearest neighbor (KNN) and support vector machine (SVM). We incorporate the basic reproductive number ([Formula: see text]) in our tree simulation procedure. Sensitivity analysis is done to investigate whether the classifiers are robust to different choice of model parameters and to size of trees. Cross-validated results for area under the curve (AUC) for receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves yield mean values of over 0.9 for most of the classification models. CONCLUSIONS: Our classification procedure distinguishes well between trees from structured and non-structured populations using the classifiers, the two-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Cucconi and Podgor-Gastwirth tests and the box plots. SVM models were more robust to changes in model parameters and tree size compared to KNN and DT classifiers. Our classification procedure was applied to real -world data and the structured population was revealed with high accuracy of [Formula: see text] using SVM-polynomial classifier

Dynamic Chromatin Organization during Foregut Development Mediated by the Organ Selector Gene PHA-4/FoxA

Central regulators of cell fate, or selector genes, establish the identity of cells by direct regulation of large cohorts of genes. In Caenorhabditis elegans, foregut (or pharynx) identity relies on the FoxA transcription factor PHA-4, which activates different sets of target genes at various times and in diverse cellular environments. An outstanding question is how PHA-4 distinguishes between target genes for appropriate transcriptional control. We have used the Nuclear Spot Assay and GFP reporters to examine PHA-4 interactions with target promoters in living embryos and with single cell resolution. While PHA-4 was found throughout the digestive tract, binding and activation of pharyngeally expressed promoters was restricted to a subset of pharyngeal cells and excluded from the intestine. An RNAi screen of candidate nuclear factors identified emerin (emr-1) as a negative regulator of PHA-4 binding within the pharynx, but emr-1 did not modulate PHA-4 binding in the intestine. Upon promoter association, PHA-4 induced large-scale chromatin de-compaction, which, we hypothesize, may facilitate promoter access and productive transcription. Our results reveal two tiers of PHA-4 regulation. PHA-4 binding is prohibited in intestinal cells, preventing target gene expression in that organ. PHA-4 binding within the pharynx is limited by the nuclear lamina component EMR-1/emerin. The data suggest that association of PHA-4 with its targets is a regulated step that contributes to promoter selectivity during organ formation. We speculate that global re-organization of chromatin architecture upon PHA-4 binding promotes competence of pharyngeal gene transcription and, by extension, foregut development

Genome-Wide Analysis Reveals a Major Role in Cell Fate Maintenance and an Unexpected Role in Endoreduplication for the Drosophila FoxA Gene Fork Head

Transcription factors drive organogenesis, from the initiation of cell fate decisions to the maintenance and implementation of these decisions. The Drosophila embryonic salivary gland provides an excellent platform for unraveling the underlying transcriptional networks of organ development because Drosophila is relatively unencumbered by significant genetic redundancy. The highly conserved FoxA family transcription factors are essential for various aspects of organogenesis in all animals that have been studied. Here, we explore the role of the single Drosophila FoxA protein Fork head (Fkh) in salivary gland organogenesis using two genome-wide strategies. A large-scale in situ hybridization analysis reveals a major role for Fkh in maintaining the salivary gland fate decision and controlling salivary gland physiological activity, in addition to its previously known roles in morphogenesis and survival. The majority of salivary gland genes (59%) are affected by fkh loss, mainly at later stages of salivary gland development. We show that global expression of Fkh cannot drive ectopic salivary gland formation. Thus, unlike the worm FoxA protein PHA-4, Fkh does not function to specify cell fate. In addition, Fkh only indirectly regulates many salivary gland genes, which is also distinct from the role of PHA-4 in organogenesis. Our microarray analyses reveal unexpected roles for Fkh in blocking terminal differentiation and in endoreduplication in the salivary gland and in other Fkh-expressing embryonic tissues. Overall, this study demonstrates an important role for Fkh in determining how an organ preserves its identity throughout development and provides an alternative paradigm for how FoxA proteins function in organogenesis

A Historiometric Examination of Machiavellianism and a New Taxonomy of Leadership

Although researchers have extensively examined the relationship between charismatic leadership and Machiavellianism (Deluga, 2001; Gardner & Avolio, 1995; House & Howell, 1992), there has been a lack of investigation of Machiavellianism in relation to alternative forms of outstanding leadership. Thus, the purpose of this investigation was to examine the relationship between Machiavellianism and a new taxonomy of outstanding leadership comprised of charismatic, ideological, and pragmatic leaders. Using an historiometric approach, raters assessed Machiavellianism via the communications of 120 outstanding leaders in organizations across the domains of business, political, military, and religious institutions. Academic biographies were used to assess twelve general performance measures as well as twelve general controls and five communication specific controls. The results indicated that differing levels of Machiavellianism is evidenced across the differing leader types as well as differing leader orientation. Additionally, Machiavellianism appears negatively related to performance, though less so when type and orientation are taken into account.Yeshttps://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/manuscript-submission-guideline