Change Detection of Vegetation Cover by NDVI Technique on Radhangari Wildlife Sanctuary of Kolhapur District in Maharashtra, India

The degradation of green cover has been going on since the beginning of human culture in space. The loss of natural forests as a result of progressive activities has become a major environmental concern. The loss of green vegetation is a fact of hydroelectric power generation by impeding the natural flow of a river. It has an influence on both the upper and lower catchment areas' vegetation. Various techniques of Vegetation Index (VI) based on Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographical Information System (GIS) methods are used to analyses this damage. One of the most widely used techniques for assessing vegetation cover is the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI. For this study three decade has taken for calculating the NDVI of Radhanagari wildlife Sanctuary. After calculating the NDVI it shows the year 1998 shows 0.71 highest NDVI value and -0.48 was lowest, in the year 2008 highest NDVI was 0.38 and the lowest was -0.46 and for the year 2018 it was 0.49 highest and -0.12 NDVI values. This decreased NDVI represent forest area has degraded rapidly

Analytical Study of Skew-cosh-Gaussian Laser Beam Propagation through Collisionless Plasma

In the present theoretical investigation the domains of the order of skew-cosh-Gaussian (skew-chG) laser beams for agiven set of skewness parameters and its significant effect on the self-focusing/defocusing in collisionless plasma has beenstudied. The nonlinearity in the dielectric function of collisionless plasma is mainly due to the ponderomotive force. Byfollowing parabolic wave equation approach under Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin (WKB) and paraxial approximations,nonlinear coupled differential equations are established for the beam width parameters. These equations have been solvednumerically by using fourth-order Runge-Kutta method. The results obtained are presented graphically and discussed

Effect of Asymmetry in the Modulation Parameters on Self-Focusing of Asymmetric Finite Airy-Gaussian Laser Beam in Collisionless Plasma

The self-focusing/defocusing of asymmetric finite Airy-Gaussian (AiG) laser beam has been investigated by employing standard Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin (WKB) and paraxial-ray approximations in a nonrelativistic regime for underdense plasma. The second-order non-linear coupled differential equations have been solved numerically by using the fourth-order Range-Kutta method. The effect of asymmetry in the modulation parameters on the self-focusing/defocusing of the asymmetric finite AiG laser beam in collisionless plasma has been studied. It is observed that the self-focusing/ defocusing of asymmetric finite AiG laser beam is strongly connected with the initial values of the laser and plasma parameters such as modulation parameters and plasma frequency

Extraction and separation of mercury(II) from succinate media with high molecular weight amine as an extractant

The extraction of mercury(II) from succinate solutions by 2-octylaminopyridine (2-OAP) has been studied by metal distribution measurements. The optimum extraction conditions were determined from a critical study of effects of pH, sodium succinate concentration and 2-octylaminopyridine concentration. The probable composition of the species has been deduced from log–log plots. The extraction reaction proceeds with ion-pair formation and the stoichiometry of extracted species was found to be [(2OAPH+)2 Hg(Succinate)22−](org). The method has been used to separate mercury(II) from commonly associated elements. The method has been further extended to separate and to estimate mercury in synthetic mixtures and real samples

Cytogenetics, Typification, Molecular Phylogeny and Biogeography of <i>Bentinckia</i> (Arecoideae, Arecaceae), an Unplaced Indian Endemic Palm from Areceae

Bentinckia is a genus of flowering plants which is an unplaced member of the tribe Areceae (Arecaceae). Two species are recognized in the genus, viz. B. condapanna Berry ex Roxb. from the Western Ghats, India, and B. nicobarica (Kurz) Becc. from the Nicobar Islands. This work constitutes taxonomic revision, cytogenetics, molecular phylogeny, and biogeography of the Indian endemic palm genus Bentinckia. The present study discusses the ecology, morphology, taxonomic history, distribution, conservation status, and uses of Bentinckia. A neotype was designated for the name B. condapanna. Cytogenetical studies revealed a new cytotype of B. condapanna representing 2n = 30 chromosomes. Although many phylogenetic reports of the tribe Areceae are available, the relationship within the tribe is still ambiguous. To resolve this, we carried out Bayesian Inference (BI) and Maximum Likelihood (ML) analysis using an appropriate combination of chloroplast and nuclear DNA regions. The same phylogeny was used to study the evolutionary history of Areceae. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Bentinckia forms a clade with other unplaced members, Clinostigma and Cyrostachys, and together they show a sister relationship with the subtribe Arecinae. Biogeographic analysis shows Bentinckia might have originated in Eurasia and India

Synthesis and characterization of highly ordered nanosized PbS thin films: modified silar

In the current status, we have successfully synthesized lead sulfide (PbS) thin films using a modified successive ionic layer absorption and reaction (SILAR) method. The synthesized film was characterized using UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometer, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) techniques for optical, structural and morphological properties. Opto-structural study demonstrates that synthesized thin film has a pure crystal structure. The surface morphology study indicates a nanospherical surface morphology without pinhole on the substrate surfaces. Overall study clearly demonstrates that the synthesized PbS thin film by SILAR method have great potential for sensitization of oxide microstructure.clos

Unprecedented “In Water” Imidazole Carbonylation: Paradigm Shift for Preparation of Urea and Carbamate

The first “In Water” imidazolecarbonylation of amine is described. A one pot reaction of carbonylimidazolide in water with a nucleophile provides an efficient and general method for the preparation of urea, carbamates and thiocarbamates. Use of an anhydrous solvent and an inert atmosphere could be avoided. Product precipitate out from the reaction mixture and can be obtained in high purity by filtration, resulting in a simple and scalable method

Unsterile injection equipment associated with HIV outbreak and an extremely high prevalence of HCV-A case-control investigation from Unnao, India.

The integrated counseling and testing center (ICTC) located in the district hospital, Unnao in the northern state of Uttar Pradesh (UP), India witnessed an increased detection of HIV among its attendees in July 2017. Subsequently, health camps were organized by the UP State AIDS Control Society in the villages and townships contributing to such detection. We conducted a case-control study to identify factors associated with this increased detection; 33 cases and 125 controls were enrolled. Cases were individuals, detected HIV sero-reactive during November 2017-April 2018 from three locations namely Premganj, Karimuddinpur and Chakmeerapur in the Bangarmau block of the district of Unnao. Controls hailed from the same geographical setting and tested HIV sero-nonreactive either in health camps or at ICTC centers from where the cases were detected. Misclassification bias was avoided by confirming HIV sero-status of both cases as well as controls prior to final analysis. Study participants were interviewed on various risk practices and invasive treatment procedures. They were also tested for HIV and other bio-markers reflecting unsafe injecting and sexual exposures such as hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), anti-HCV antibody (HCV Ab), anti-herpes simplex-2 Immunoglobulin G (HSV-2 IgG) and rapid plasma regain (RPR) test for syphilis. Secondary data analysis on three time points during 2015 through 2018 revealed a rising trend of HIV among attendees of the ICTCs (ICTC-Hasanganj, ICTC-Unnao district hospital and ICTC- Nawabganj) catering to the entire district of Unnao. While there was a seven fold rise of HIV among ICTC attendees of Hasanganj (χ2 value for trend 23.83; p < 0.001), the rise in Unnao district hospital was twofold (χ2 value for trend 4.37; p < 0.05) and was tenfold at ICTC-Nawabganj (χ2 value for trend 5.23; p < 0.05) indicating risk of infection prevailing throughout the district. Primary data was generated through interviews and laboratory investigations as mentioned above. The median age of cases and controls was 50 year (minimum 18 -maximum 68; IQR 31-57) and 38 year (minimum 18 -maximum 78; IQR 29-50) respectively. Thirty six percent of the cases and 47% of controls were male. A significantly higher proportion of cases (85%) had HCV Ab compared to controls (56%; OR 4.4, 95% CI 1.5-12.1); none reported injection drug use. However, cases and controls did not differ significantly regarding presence of HSV-2 IgG (6% versus 8% respectively). Neither any significant difference existed between cases and controls in terms of receiving blood transfusion, undergoing invasive surgical procedures, tattooing, tonsuring of head or skin piercing. In multivariate logistic regression model, 'unsafe injection exposure during treatment-seeking'(AOR 6.61, 95% CI 1.80-24.18) and 'receipt of intramuscular injection in last five years' (AOR 7.20, 95% CI 1.48-34.88) were independently associated with HIV sero-reactive status. The monophyletic clustering of HIV sequences from 14 cases (HIV-1 pol gene amplified) indicated a common ancestry. Availability of auto-disabled syringes and needles, empowerment of the local communities and effective regulatory practices across care settings would serve as important intervention measures in this context