The role of the life cycle for the survival of the riparian wolf spiders Pardosa wagleri (HAHN, 1822) and Pirata knorri (SCOPOLl, 1763)

Quantitative, time-limited samplings in monthly intervals from June 1995 to August 1996, in combination with the measurement of carapace width of juvenile and adult spiders has revealed the life cycle patterns of the riparian wolf spiders Pardosa wagleri and Pirata knorri and showed the effect of floods on their abundance at the Isar River (Germany, Bavaria). Adults and juvenile spiders are heavily affected by floods but the populations of both species are able to recover quickly. The life cycles of both species are synchronized with the season and display a spring/summer stenochrony. P. wagleri shows a second reproductive phase in early summer. This reproductive behaviour supports the persistence of populations in this disturbed environment

Long distance free-space quantum key distribution

In the age of information and globalisation, secure communication as well as the protection of sensitive data against unauthorised access are of utmost importance. Quantum cryptography currently provides the only way to exchange a cryptographic key between two parties in an unconditionally secure fashion. Owing to losses and noise of today's optical fibre and detector technology, at present quantum cryptography is limited to distances below a few 100 km. In principle, larger distances could be subdivided into shorter segments, but the required quantum repeaters are still beyond current technology. An alternative approach for bridging larger distances is a satellite-based system, that would enable secret key exchange between two arbitrary points on the globe using free-space optical communication. The aim of the presented experiment was to investigate the feasibility of satellite-based global quantum key distribution. In this context, a free-space quantum key distribution experiment over a real distance of 144 km was performed. The transmitter and the receiver were situated in 2500 m altitude on the Canary Islands of La Palma and Tenerife, respectively. The small and compact transmitter unit generated attenuated laser pulses, that were sent to the receiver via a 15-cm optical telescope. The receiver unit for polarisation analysis and detection of the sent pulses was integrated into an existing mirror telescope designed for classical optical satellite communications. To ensure the required stability and efficiency of the optical link in the presence of atmospheric turbulence, the two telescopes were equipped with a bi-directional automatic tracking system. Still, due to stray light and high optical attenuation, secure key exchange would not be possible using attenuated pulses in connection with the standard BB84 protocol. The photon number statistics of attenuated pulses follows a Poissonian distribution. Hence, by removing a photon from all pulses containing two or more photons, an eavesdropper could measure its polarisation without disturbing the polarisation state of the remaining pulse. In this way, he can gain information about the key without introducing detectable errors. To protect against such attacks, the presented experiment employed the recently developed method of using additional "decoy" states, i.e., the the intensity of the pulses created by the transmitter were varied in a random manner. By analysing the detection probabilities of the different pulses individually, a photon-number-splitting attack can be detected. Thanks to the decoy-state analysis, the secrecy of the resulting quantum key could be ensured despite the Poissonian nature of the emitted pulses. For a channel attenuation as high as 35 dB, a secret key rate of up to 250 bit/s was achieved. Our outdoor experiment was carried out under real atmospheric conditions and with a channel attenuation comparable to an optical link from ground to a satellite in low earth orbit. Hence, it definitely shows the feasibility of satellite-based quantum key distribution using a technologically comparatively simple system

Die Entstehung eines Beinödemes als Symptom einer Thrombose unter den Bedingungen einer 12-Stunden-Flugreise

Um zu prüfen, ob das individuelle Risiko einer Flugreisethrombose anhand der Entstehung eines der ersten klinischen Symptome, der Ödembildung im Bereich der unteren Extremität abgeschätzt werden kann, nahmen 70 Probanden an einer simulierten 12-stündigen Flugreise teil. Der Versuch fand in einer Unterdruckkammer statt, in der die Probanden unter entsprechenden atmosphärischen und klimatischen Verhältnissen auf einer originalen Flugzeugbestuhlung saßen. Die Luftfeuchtigkeit in der Kammer war technisch limitiert und mit durchschnittlich 52% erheblich über dem angestrebten Sollwert von unter 20%. Die 70 Probanden waren in drei Riskogruppen aufgeteilt. 20 Probanden (28,6%) hatten eine gesicherte APC-Resistenz und hatten eine länger als 12 Monate zurückliegende Thrombose erlitten. 25 Teilnehmer (35,7%) gehörten zu der Gruppe, bei denen eine APC-Resistenz bekannt war, aber keine Thrombose in der Vorgeschichte. Die Kontrollgruppe bestand aus 25 Probanden (35,7%), die weder eine APC-Resistenz noch eine Thrombose in der Anamnese vorwiesen. Es bestand eine gleiche Geschlechts- und der Altersverteilung. Unmittelbar vor und nach dem Versuch wurde eine standardisierte optoelektronische Messung der Unterschenkelvolumina durchgeführt. Es konnte hier eine signifikante Zunahme des gemessenen Volumens ermittelt werden. Dieses Volumen des venösen Ödems betrug durchschnittlich 118ml (3,6%). Zwischen dem Ausmaß des Ödems und den Variablen Alter, Geschlecht, BMI und Trinkmenge bestand kein signifikanter Zusammenhang. Ebenfalls konnte zwischen den drei Risikogruppen „APC mit Thrombose“, „APC ohne Thrombose“ und der „Kontrollgruppe“ kein signifikanter Unterschied in Bezug auf das Unterschenkelödem nachgewiesen werden. Des weiteren konnte entgegen der Erwartungen ein Abfall des Hämatokrits festgestellt werden. Dieses Ergebnis ist jedoch auf Grund der relativ hohen Trinkmenge von 1300ml und der zu hohen Luftfeuchtigkeit während des Versuches von eingeschränkter Bedeutung. Bei keinem der Probanden konnte vor und nach dem Versuch bei der duplexsonographischen Untersuchung der unteren Extremität ein Strömungshindernis beobachtet werden. Im Rahmen dieser Studie kam es bei einem männlichen Probanden mit bekannter APC-Resistenz und einer Thromboseanamnese in beiden Unterschenkeln zu einem Zwischenfall. Ein 62 Jahre alter Teilnehmer entwickelte nach Abschluss der simulierten Flugreise eine Unterschenkelvenenthrombose. An dem später thrombosierten Bein wurde eine um zwei Standardabweichungen größere Ödembildung dokumentiert, was jedoch ebenso bei 7 anderen Probanden aller Risikogruppen beobachtet werden konnte. Schlussfolgerung: Es konnte zwischen den von uns zusammengestellten Risikogruppen und dem Ausmaß des Unterschenkelödems kein signifikanter Zusammenhang nachgewiesen werden. Bei dem Probanden, der eine Thrombose entwickelte, konnte retrospektiv eine um zwei Standardabweichungen größere Volumenzunahme des betroffenen Unterschenkels beobachtet werden. Ein ausgeprägtes Unterschenkelödem sollte als ein absolutes Warnzeichen verstanden werden, ist aber nicht als zuverlässiges Frühzeichen zu werten.In order to examine the individual risk of the “travellers thrombosis” on the basis of the first clinical symptoms, the formation of an oedema of the lower leg, 70 volunteers participated in a simulated 12-hour long distance flight. The study took place in an oxygen pressure chamber, in which the volunteers sat under appropriate atmospheric and climatic conditions on original aeroplane seats. The air humidity in the chamber was technically limited. With an average humidity of 52% the desired value of under 20% could not be achieved. The participants were divided into three risk groups. 20 people (28,6%) had a secured APC resistance and had suffered a thrombosis longer than 12 months ago. 25 participants (35,7%) belonged to a group with an APC resistance and no thrombosis in their history. The control group consisted of 25 members(35,7%), who showed neither an APC resistance nor a thrombosis in the anamnesis. Concerning the sex and the age we had an equal distribution. Directly before and after the experiment a standardized optoelectronic volume measurement of the limb was taken. A significant increase of the measured volume was determined here. This average increase of the volume of venous oedema was 118ml (3,6%). There was no significant relation between the extent of oedema and the variables age, sex, BMI andfluid intake. Regarding the oedema of the limb, even between the three risk groups "APC with thrombosis", "APC without thrombosis" and the "control group" no significant difference could be proven Contrary to expectations the Haematokrit decreased. Because of the relatively high drinking quantity of 1300ml and the too high air humidity during the experiment, this result is of less importance. Before and after the attempt none of volunteers showed a flow obstacle at the venous Doppler of the lower limb. In the context of this study one 62 year old male person with history of APC resistance and several thrombosises in his history, suffered a new thrombosis of the lower leg. The increased volume of the thrombosed limb was two standard deviations higher, however, this increase was also observed in seven other cases. These persons were present in all different risk groups. Conclusion: There is no significant correlation between the extent of the limb edema and the different groups of risks. The person who suffered a thrombosis during this study had a more than two standard deviations higher increase of the lower limb volume. A pronounced oedema of the lower leg should be seen as an clear warning sign, but it can not be interpreted as a reliable early symptom for thrombosis

Non-Poissonian statistics from Poissonian light sources with application to passive decoy state quantum key distribution

We propose a method to prepare different non-Poissonian signal pulses from sources of Poissonian photon number distribution using only linear optical elements and threshold photon detectors. This method allows a simple passive preparation of decoy states for quantum key distribution. We show that the resulting key rates are comparable to the performance of active choices of intensities of Poissonian signals.Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures, accepted for publication in Opt. Let

The Case for Quantum Key Distribution

Quantum key distribution (QKD) promises secure key agreement by using quantum mechanical systems. We argue that QKD will be an important part of future cryptographic infrastructures. It can provide long-term confidentiality for encrypted information without reliance on computational assumptions. Although QKD still requires authentication to prevent man-in-the-middle attacks, it can make use of either information-theoretically secure symmetric key authentication or computationally secure public key authentication: even when using public key authentication, we argue that QKD still offers stronger security than classical key agreement.Comment: 12 pages, 1 figure; to appear in proceedings of QuantumComm 2009 Workshop on Quantum and Classical Information Security; version 2 minor content revision

Witnessing effective entanglement over a 2km fiber channel

We present a fiber-based continuous-variable quantum key distribution system. In the scheme, a quantum signal of two non-orthogonal weak optical coherent states is sent through a fiber-based quantum channel. The receiver simultaneously measures conjugate quadratures of the light using two homodyne detectors. From the measured Q-function of the transmitted signal, we estimate the attenuation and the excess noise caused by the channel. The estimated excess noise originating from the channel and the channel attenuation including the quantum efficiency of the detection setup is investigated with respect to the detection of effective entanglement. The local oscillator is considered in the verification. We witness effective entanglement with a channel length of up to 2km.Comment: 11 pages, 5 figure

Field test of a practical secure communication network with decoy-state quantum cryptography

We present a secure network communication system that operated with decoy-state quantum cryptography in a real-world application scenario. The full key exchange and application protocols were performed in real time among three nodes, in which two adjacent nodes were connected by approximate 20 km of commercial telecom optical fiber. The generated quantum keys were immediately employed and demonstrated for communication applications, including unbreakable real-time voice telephone between any two of the three communication nodes, or a broadcast from one node to the other two nodes by using one-time pad encryption.Comment: 10 pages, 2 figures, 2 tables, typos correcte

High-fidelity transmission of entanglement over a high-loss freespace channel

Quantum entanglement enables tasks not possible in classical physics. Many quantum communication protocols require the distribution of entangled states between distant parties. Here we experimentally demonstrate the successful transmission of an entangled photon pair over a 144 km free-space link. The received entangled states have excellent, noise-limited fidelity, even though they are exposed to extreme attenuation dominated by turbulent atmospheric effects. The total channel loss of 64 dB corresponds to the estimated attenuation regime for a two-photon satellite quantum communication scenario. We confirm that the received two-photon states are still highly entangled by violating the CHSH inequality by more than 5 standard deviations. From a fundamental point of view, our results show that the photons are virtually not subject to decoherence during their 0.5 ms long flight through air, which is encouraging for future world-wide quantum communication scenarios.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, replaced paper with published version, added journal referenc

Experimental demonstration of a BDCZ quantum repeater node

Quantum communication is a method that offers efficient and secure ways for the exchange of information in a network. Large-scale quantum communication (of the order of 100 km) has been achieved; however, serious problems occur beyond this distance scale, mainly due to inevitable photon loss in the transmission channel. Quantum communication eventually fails when the probability of a dark count in the photon detectors becomes comparable to the probability that a photon is correctly detected. To overcome this problem, Briegel, D\"{u}r, Cirac and Zoller (BDCZ) introduced the concept of quantum repeaters, combining entanglement swapping and quantum memory to efficiently extend the achievable distances. Although entanglement swapping has been experimentally demonstrated, the implementation of BDCZ quantum repeaters has proved challenging owing to the difficulty of integrating a quantum memory. Here we realize entanglement swapping with storage and retrieval of light, a building block of the BDCZ quantum repeater. We follow a scheme that incorporates the strategy of BDCZ with atomic quantum memories. Two atomic ensembles, each originally entangled with a single emitted photon, are projected into an entangled state by performing a joint Bell state measurement on the two single photons after they have passed through a 300-m fibre-based communication channel. The entanglement is stored in the atomic ensembles and later verified by converting the atomic excitations into photons. Our method is intrinsically phase insensitive and establishes the essential element needed to realize quantum repeaters with stationary atomic qubits as quantum memories and flying photonic qubits as quantum messengers.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure

Distributing entanglement and single photons through an intra-city, free-space quantum channel

We have distributed entangled photons directly through the atmosphere to a receiver station 7.8 km away over the city of Vienna, Austria at night. Detection of one photon from our entangled pairs constitutes a triggered single photon source from the sender. With no direct time-stable connection, the two stations found coincidence counts in the detection events by calculating the cross-correlation of locally-recorded time stamps shared over a public internet channel. For this experiment, our quantum channel was maintained for a total of 40 minutes during which time a coincidence lock found approximately 60000 coincident detection events. The polarization correlations in those events yielded a Bell parameter, S=2.27/pm0.019, which violates the CHSH-Bell inequality by 14 standard deviations. This result is promising for entanglement-based free-space quantum communication in high-density urban areas. It is also encouraging for optical quantum communication between ground stations and satellites since the length of our free-space link exceeds the atmospheric equivalent.Comment: 8 pages including 1 figure and 2 tables. The first two authors contributed equally to this wor