ThermoTRP Channels in Nociceptors: Taking a Lead from Capsaicin Receptor TRPV1

Nociceptors with peripheral and central projections express temperature sensitive transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels, also called thermoTRP’s. Chemosensitivity of thermoTRP’s to certain natural compounds eliciting pain or exhibiting thermal properties has proven to be a good tool in characterizing these receptors. Capsaicin, a pungent chemical in hot peppers, has assisted in the cloning of the first thermoTRP, TRPV1. This discovery initiated the search for other receptors encoding the response to a wide range of temperatures encountered by the body. Of these, TRPV1 and TRPV2 encode unique modalities of thermal pain when exposed to noxious heat. The ability of TRPA1 to encode noxious cold is presently being debated. The role of TRPV1 in peripheral inflammatory pain and central sensitization during chronic pain is well known. In addition to endogenous agonists, a wide variety of chemical agonists and antagonists have been discovered to activate and inhibit TRPV1. Efforts are underway to determine conditions under which agonist-mediated desensitization of TRPV1 or inhibition by antagonists can produce analgesia. Also, identification of specific second messenger molecules that regulate phosphorylation of TRPV1 has been the focus of intense research, to exploit a broader approach to pain treatment. The search for a role of TRPV2 in pain remains dormant due to the lack of suitable experimental models. However, progress into TRPA1’s role in pain has received much attention recently. Another thermoTRP, TRPM8, encoding for the cool sensation and also expressed in nociceptors, has recently been shown to reduce pain via a central mechanism, thus opening a novel strategy for achieving analgesia. The role of other thermoTRP’s (TRPV3 and TRPV4) encoding for detection of warm temperatures and expressed in nociceptors cannot be excluded. This review will discuss current knowledge on the role of nociceptor thermoTRPs in pain and therapy and describes the activator and inhibitor molecules known to interact with them and modulate their activity

A Characterization of Caffeine Imprinted Polypyrrole Electrode

Nanotechnology holds great potential for improving our lives by creating many new materials and devices in medical sciences, electronics and also in energy production. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are highly stable synthetic polymers that possess molecular recognition properties due to cavities created in the polymer matrix that are complementary to an analyte both in shape and in positioning of functional groups. These MIPs have been widely employed for diverse applications (e.g., in chromatographic separation, drug screening, chemosensors, catalysis, immunoassays etc) due to their specificity towards the target molecules and high stability against physicochemical perturbations. Conductive polymers, (CPs) such as polypyrrole, can be likened to semiconductors because of small band gaps and low electronic mobility. CPs are exploited as an excellent tool for the preparation of nanocomposites with nano scaled biomolecules. Polypyrrole (Ppy) was the first of this key family of compounds to show high conductivity. So, electrically conducting polypyrrole (Ppy) has numerous applications. In this study, caffeine imprinted electrodes (CIE) were prepared and characterized. This research project mainly focused on three important aspects: &#;To determine the thickness of the polymeric film. &#;To determine the Limit of detection (LOD) of the polymeric film at different conditions. &#;To determine the Analytical Sensitivity (γ) of the polymeric film at varied conditions. In summary these are conclusions stated: •The thickness of the electrode increased with an increase in the number of pulses. The film thickness increased linearly up to an application of 30 pulses and after 30 pulses, an increase in slope occurred with again a linear correlation up to the maximum applied number of pulses, 42. This change in slope may indicate a different mechanism taking place. •LOD is improved as the caffeine load is reduced from 10.0 to 3.0 mM and as the number of pulses is reduced from 36 to 24. •γ increases the number of pulses increase from 24 to 36 and also increases as the caffeine load increases

Removal of Heavy Metals Using Modified Limestone Media: Zinc and Cadmium

Heavy metal contamination is a serious concern throughout the world. Increased concentrations in drinking water have many negative impacts on human health. Limestone is an inexpensive and simple media for removing high concentrations of heavy metals from drinking water supplies. Ferric based media is commonly used to remove zinc, cadmium, lead, arsenic and other heavy metals. The drinking water standards set by the US EPA for cadmium, zinc and arsenic are 0.005 mg/L, 5 mg/L and 0.010 mg/L respectively. Bangladesh, parts of India, China and the United States have high concentrations of arsenic in drinking water. Although many technologies exist for heavy metal removal, most of these are complicated and are associated with high costs making them ineffective and unfavorable to be used in impoverished areas. We propose a novel method that combines the benefits of limestone with the capacity of ferric media in an iron-coated limestone based material. Samples of water with various concentrations of zinc and cadmium were prepared and batch tests were performed using both uncoated and iron coated limestone and are compared in removal efficiency. Kinetics studies showed that zinc is removed to a maximum level after 24 hours, while cadmium takes only 15 minutes. The effect of pH on removal of heavy metals was also studied. Metals are analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-ES). Limestone is readily available and is also easy to coat with iron, making this material a cost effective and affordable method to be used by developing countries

New era in plant alternative splicing analysis enabled by advances in high-throughput sequencing (HTS) technologies

Alternative splicing (AS) is a crucial posttranscriptional mechanism of gene expression which promotes transcriptome and proteome diversity. At the molecular level, splicing and AS involves recognition and elimination of intronic regions of a precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) and joining of exonic regions to generate the mature mRNA. AS generates more than one mRNA transcript (transcripts) differing in coding and/or untranslated regions (UTRs). AS can be classified into four major types including the exon skipping (ES), intron retention (IR), alternative donor (AD), and alternative acceptor (AA), of which IR is the most prevalent event in plants (Mandadi and Scholthof, 2015). In addition to these AS types, a subfamily of IR called exitrons, which has dual features of introns and protein-coding exons were first reported in Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) and later also found in humans (Marquez et al., 2015). These spliced transcripts influence multiple biological processes such as growth, development and response to biotic and abiotic stresses in plants (Filichkin et al., 2015; Mandadi and Scholthof, 2015; Wang et al., 2018a).Fil: Bedre, Renesh. Texas A&m University Commerce; Estados UnidosFil: Irigoyen, Sonia. Texas A&m University Commerce; Estados UnidosFil: Petrillo, Ezequiel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias; ArgentinaFil: Mandadi, Kranthi. Texas A&m University Commerce; Estados Unido

Employee HR Connect Portal

Employee HR Connect Portal is essential in order to track employee time, project time. This portal can be hosted on any java based web server or application server and will be accessible via web-browsers. This portal is very user- friendly. Employee HR Connect Portal will be a useful tool to identify supply and demand of human resources. We have three main modules to maintain records of employee, department and project. Employee HR Connect Portal is very helpful for auditing. Through this portal we can judge the potentiality of the employee

Brachypodium: A Monocot Grass Model Genus for Plant Biology

The genus Brachypodium represents a model system that is advancing our knowledge of the biology of grasses, including small grains, in the postgenomics era. The most widely used species, Brachypodium distachyon, is a C-3 plant that is distributed worldwide. B. distachyon has a small genome, short life cycle, and small stature and is amenable to genetic transformation. Due to the intensive and thoughtful development of this grass as a model organism, it is well-suited for laboratory and field experimentation. The intent of this review is to introduce this model system genus and describe some key outcomes of nearly a decade of research since the first draft genome sequence of the flagship species, B. distachyon, was completed. We discuss characteristics and features of B. distachyon and its congeners that make the genus a valuable model system for studies in ecology, evolution, genetics, and genomics in the grasses, review current hot topics in Brachypodium research, and highlight the potential for future analysis using this system in the coming years

A NEAREST-ALERT NOTICE-COLLECTED P2P FOLDER DISTRIBUTION SCHEME

Internet recognition bakes an important motivation towards peer to find out file discussing. For comprehending the peer to find out file discussing system, an essential qualifying criterion to is efficiency of file location.  Within our work we submit a peer to find out file discussing system that's closeness-aware furthermore to Interest-clustered according to structured peer to find out system. It forms close nodes to cluster then groups general interest nodes into sub-cluster that draws on hierarchical topology and use a good file replication to improve file query effectiveness. The forecasted system will keep every single benefit of distributed hash tables above unstructured peer to find out systems. It's closeness-aware furthermore to Interest-clustered utilizes an intellectual file replication to improve file lookup competence and places files with just one interests with each other causing them to be available through routing function. The unit will progress intra-sub-cluster file searching completely through several approaches. It builds an overlay for each group that bond lesser capacity nodes towards advanced capacity nodes for spread file querying during remaining from of node overload. Suggested system utilizes selection of positive file data to make certain that file requester can recognize whether requested file reaches its near by nodes