1,229 research outputs found
Trophoblast lineage-specific differentiation and associated alterations in preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction.
The human placenta is a poorly-understood organ, but one that is critical for proper development and growth of the fetus in-utero. The epithelial cell type that contributes to primary placental functions is called "trophoblast," including two main subtypes, villous and extravillous trophoblast. Cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast comprise the villous compartment and contribute to gas and nutrient exchange, while extravillous trophoblast invade and remodel the uterine wall and vessels, in order to supply maternal blood to the growing fetus. Abnormal differentiation of trophoblast contributes to placental dysfunction and is associated with complications of pregnancy, including preeclampsia (PE) and fetal growth restriction (FGR). This review describes what is known about the cellular organization of the placenta during both normal development and in the setting of PE/FGR. It also explains known trophoblast lineage-specific markers and pathways regulating their differentiation, and how these are altered in the setting of PE/FGR, focusing on studies which have used human placental tissues. Finally, it also highlights remaining questions and needed resources to advance this field
Modeling human trophoblast, the placental epithelium at the maternal fetal interface.
Appropriate human trophoblast lineage specification and differentiation is crucial for the establishment of normal placentation and maintenance of pregnancy. However, due to the lack of proper modeling systems, the molecular mechanisms of these processes are still largely unknown. Much of the early studies in this area have been based on animal models and tumor-derived trophoblast cell lines, both of which are suboptimal for modeling this unique human organ. Recent advances in regenerative and stem cell biology methods have led to development of novel in vitro model systems for studying human trophoblast. These include derivation of human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells and establishment of methods for the differentiation of these cells into trophoblast, as well as the more recent derivation of human trophoblast stem cells. In addition, advances in culture conditions, from traditional two-dimensional monolayer culture to 3D culturing systems, have led to development of trophoblast organoid and placenta-on-a-chip model, enabling us to study human trophoblast function in context of more physiologically accurate environment. In this review, we will discuss these various model systems, with a focus on human trophoblast, and their ability to help elucidate the key mechanisms underlying placental development and function. This review focuses on model systems of human trophoblast differentiation, including advantages and limitations of stem cell-based culture, trophoblast organoid, and organ-on-a-chip methods and their applications in understanding placental development and disease
Cosmic variance of the galaxy cluster weak lensing signal
Intrinsic variations of the projected density profiles of clusters of
galaxies at fixed mass are a source of uncertainty for cluster weak lensing. We
present a semi-analytical model to account for this effect, based on a
combination of variations in halo concentration, ellipticity and orientation,
and the presence of correlated haloes. We calibrate the parameters of our model
at the 10 per cent level to match the empirical cosmic variance of cluster
profiles at M_200m=10^14...10^15 h^-1 M_sol, z=0.25...0.5 in a cosmological
simulation. We show that weak lensing measurements of clusters significantly
underestimate mass uncertainties if intrinsic profile variations are ignored,
and that our model can be used to provide correct mass likelihoods. Effects on
the achievable accuracy of weak lensing cluster mass measurements are
particularly strong for the most massive clusters and deep observations (with
~20 per cent uncertainty from cosmic variance alone at M_200m=10^15 h^-1 M_sol
and z=0.25), but significant also under typical ground-based conditions. We
show that neglecting intrinsic profile variations leads to biases in the
mass-observable relation constrained with weak lensing, both for intrinsic
scatter and overall scale (the latter at the 15 per cent level). These biases
are in excess of the statistical errors of upcoming surveys and can be avoided
if the cosmic variance of cluster profiles is accounted for.Comment: 14 pages, 6 figures; submitted to MNRA
The least informative distribution and correlation coefficient of measurement results
Correlations play a significant role in data analysis and the evaluation and expression of the
uncertainty, yet estimating them is often difficult. This paper provides examples of how to
infer the measurand value, given only the uncertainties and correlation ranges of the
measurement results. The least informative data-distribution is not Gaussian, but the marginal
distributions are. Explicit results are given in the case of a data pair, where the inferred
correlation coefficient is the midpoint of the given range
Strategi Komunikasi Kampanye Pengendalian Minuman Beralkohol (Perda Nomor 11 Tahun 2012) oleh Pemerintah Kabupaten Sikka
Campaign strategy is a communication action plan to influence others. The aim of the research was to find out and axplain the communication strategy by the government of Sikka Regency in the campaign of alcoholic drink based on Local Regulation Number 11 Year 2012 in Sikka Regency, the implementation of socialization campaign of the control of alcoholic drikn, and the inhibiting factors of the campaign of control of alcoholic drink in Sikka Regency.The research used descriptive qualitative method trough interview and field observation. The results of the research that the government of Sikka regency to implementation of communication only linear with face to face. All sectors were excluded. Not perform segmentation and identification of audiences. There are several factors faced in the implementation of campaign such as the low level of community\u27s knowledge and participation, limited time and cost, ego sector, long bureaucratic system, and strong tradition and culture in the community. Campaign of the control alcoholic drink by the govermment of Sikka not through a good communication plan and compherensiv
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