Cultivation Of Chlorella Vulgaris Using Organic Fertilizer As Nutrient Source For Biodiesel， Maltodextrin Production And Co2-Biomitigation

In the present study, attempt was made to solve the problems by cultivating Chlorella vulgaris using organic fertilizer (derived from compost) instead of depending on chemical fertilizer. Under the supplement of organic nutrients, it was found that Chlorella vulgaris grown favourably with 100 mL of organic fertilizer medium (or corresponded to nitrate content of 26.67 mg/L), 24 hours of continuous illumination and pH of 5. About 0.50 g/L of biomass yield was attained after 12 days of cultivation. Increasing the CO2 concentration to the cultivation could accelerate the growth of Chlorella vulgaris, however, reducing the CO2 removal efficiency. The highest CO2 removal efficiency, 92.2 %, was achieved by using atmosphere air (0.03 % of CO2). By using Bligh and Dyer extraction solvents (methanol to chloroform volume ratio of 2:1), about 18 % of lipid can be extracted from the dried Chlorella vulgaris biomass. The lipid was mainly comprised of unsaturated fatty acids, such as C18:1, C18:2 and C18:3. Through transesterification reaction parametric study, about 95 % of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) or biodiesel was attained under the following conditions: methanol to THF to lipid molar ratio of 60:15:1, H2SO4 concentration of 21 wt.%, temperature of 60 °C and reaction time of 3 hours. In addition, the carbohydrate left over in the lipid-extracted microalgae biomass residues was successfully recovered for maltodextrin production (co-product)

Production Of Activated Carbon From Sawdust Using Fluidized Bed Reactor.

Activated carbon was produced from sawdust by using steam activation in a high temperature muffle furnace. Fast pyrolysis process was carried out prior in fluidized a bed furnace to produce char before activation process

Production Of Biodiesel From Waste Cooking Oil Using Sulfated Tin Oxide Catalyst

Biodiesel is a renewable, biodegradable and non-toxic fuel which can be easily produced through transesterification reaction. However, current commercial usage of refined vegetable oils for biodiesel production is impractical and uneconomical due to high feedstock cost and priority as food resources. Low-grade oil, typically waste cooking oil can be a better alternative; however, the high free fatty acids (FFA) content in waste cooking oil does not allow efficient production of biodiesel via current commercial homogeneous transesterification process. Therefore, in the present study, superacid sulfated tin oxide catalyst, SO4 2-/SnO2 has been prepared using impregnation method for biodiesel production via heterogeneous transesterification process

State-of-the-art of the synthesis and applications of sulfonated carbon-based catalysts for biodiesel production: a review

Sulfonated carbon-based catalysts (SCC) are favorable heterogeneous acids for acid-catalyzed reactions including esterification and transesterification for biodiesel production. They are covalently functionalized with SO3H groups via CPhSO3H or CSO3H linkages with special carbon structures. To date, the types of SCC for biodiesel production ranges from biochar (BC), activated carbon (AC), graphene, graphite oxides, multiwalled carbon nanotubes, order mesoporous carbon, and graphitic carbon nitride. Lignocellulosic and biomass wastes are important carbon precursors for low-cost BC and AC production. This review critically reviews and summarizes the most up-to-date research progress in the evolution of SCC for biodiesel production. Systematic discussions and comparisons on the different carbon materials, preparation methods, and sulfonation preparation parameters which directly affect the physicochemical attributes and catalytic performance are provided. The applications and reusability studies of these materials in biodiesel production are also included. Finally, the challenges to be addressed and future prospects of the research direction on the applications of SCC for biodiesel production are discussed

Recent Advancement of Sustainable and Renewable Energy in Osmotic Power Generation

Investment in clean energy is demand in this century due to abundance of CO2 accumulation in the world to cause several environmental issues. Therefore, harvesting clean energy may assist in reducing carbon footprint in the world to create a green environment for sustainable living. The salinity gradient energy is one of the clean energies with the concept of mixing both salt concentration water from the ocean and fresh water from the river to create an osmotic pressure to power-up the generator for the production of electrical energy. Salinity different between the oceanic salt water and fresh water could produce an equilibrium osmotic pressure that achieve up to 27 bars equivalent from resulting pressure under the water for 200 to 300 meters. The potential of the power production through osmosis power generator is capture at the value of 2000 TWh per year, where in 2018 the world energy consumption was growing 2.3%, in which twice the number compare to the average rate of the growth. The major energy consumption is contributed from fossil fuel and consequently resulted from emissions of CO2 increased to 33.1 Gt to the atmosphere. This work explained the advantage of using salinity gradient energy and the fundamental principle of blue energy from pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO). Thus, the osmotic power by using different salinity gradient to create energy is widely known as blue energy, in which it is green and sustainable to produce electricity to the local communities

Lipid and protein from black soldier fly larvae fed with self- fermented coconut waste medium

This study explored the potential of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) in producing lipid and protein as well as its ability to treat the organic waste by rearing at different fermentation periods of coconut waste medium (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks). Growth rate of larvae was determined by studying the changes in the larvae biomass weight per rearing duration. The BSFL fed with 4 weeks of feed showed the highest growth rate and weight followed by week 6 and week 8. Week 4 attained the highest value for lipid (42.74 ± 2.06)% and week without fermentation had the lowest value of lipid (32.96 ± 1.99)%. Protein content obtained from the BSFL was increasing with fermentation period. The highest protein content was larvae fed with 8 weeks fermentation (18.63 ± 0.18)%. The lowest protein content was also larvae fed with without fermentation medium (10.81 ± 0.11)%. Waste reduction rate (WRR) was the highest when the larvae were fed with medium without fermentation that was (0.024 ± 0.001) g/d. The lowest WRR was when the larvae were fed with 8 week fermentation medium (0.015 ± 0.001) g/d. The highest Efficiency of Converted of Digested Food (ECD) value was found in sample of 4 week fermentation medium (0.093 ± 0.003). The lowest ECD value was found in the sample without fermentation (0.063 ± 0.002)

Emerging technologies for conversion of sustainable macroalgal carrageenan biomass into L-lactic acid: A state-of-the-art review

The environmental awareness and concerns (plastic pollution) worldwide have driven the development of sustainable and environmentally friendly biopolymer derived from renewable materials. Biopolymers, especially L-lactic acid (L-LA) have played a crucial role in manufacturing polylactic acid, a biodegradable thermoplastic. Recently, L-LA production from non-edible macroalgal biomass has gained immense attraction due to it offers the simplest saccharification process for the biorefinery route. However, the commercialization of macroalgal-based L-LA is still limited due to high production costs. This paper has comprehensively reviewed the potential and development of third-generation feedstock for L-LA production, including significant technological barriers to be overcome for potential commercialization purposes. Then, an insight into the state-of-the-art hydrolysis and fermentation technologies using macroalgae as feedstock are also deliberated in detail. Furthermore, this review provides a conceivable picture of macroalgae-based L-LA biorefinery and future research directions that can be served as an important guideline for scientists, policymakers, and industrial players

A mini-investigation on enhanced oil recovery evolution (2007 – 2020)

Energy plays an important role in sustaining humanity. With rising worldwide energy demand and the great dependence of energy generation on fossil fuels, it is inevitable that enhanced oil recovery must be deployed to recover more possible reserves. This report focuses on reviewing publications related to enhanced oil recovery from 2007 to 2020 through the utilization of bibliometric analysis. Of the 5498 documents retrieved from Web of Science, 569 journals, 90 countries, 2025 organizations, and 8684 authors are involved. China, the United States, Iran, Canada, and India published the most documents. The United States has the highest h-index at 61. The analysis of keywords had shown that the hot issues lie around four main domains namely carbon capture, utilization, and sequestration (CCUS), microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR), development of unconventional reserves, and chemical enhanced oil recovery. This study provides some useful insights for future research directions. From there, discussions were subsequently placed on chemical EOR

Long-term evaluation of palm oil mill effluent (POME) steam reforming over lanthanum-based perovskite oxides

To replace the obsolete ponding system, palm oil mill effluent (POME) steam reforming (SR) over net-acidic LaNiO3 and net-basic LaCoO3 were proposed as the POME primary treatments, with promising H2-rich syngas production. Herein, the long-term evaluation of POME SR was scrutinized with both catalysts under the optimal conditions (600 °C, 0.09 mL POME/min, 0.3 g catalyst, & 74–105 μm catalyst particle size) to examine the catalyst microstructure changes, transient process stability, and final effluent evaluation. Extensive characterization proved the (i) adsorption of POME vapour on catalysts before SR, (ii) deposition of carbon and minerals on spent SR catalysts, and (iii) dominance of coking deactivation over sintering deactivation at 600 °C. Despite its longer run, spent LaCoO3 (50.54 wt%) had similar carbon deposition with spent LaNiO3 (50.44 wt%), concurring with its excellent coke resistance. Spent LaCoO3 (6.12 wt%; large protruding crystals) suffered a harsher mineral deposition than spent LaNiO3 (3.71 wt%; thin film coating), confirming that lower reactivity increased residence time of reactants. Transient syngas evolution of both SR catalysts was relatively steady up to 4 h but perturbed by coking deactivation thereafter. La2O2CO3 acted as an intermediate species that hastened the coke removal via reverse Boudouard reaction upon its decarbonation. La2O2CO3 decarbonation occurred continuously in LaCoO3 system but intermittently in LaNiO3 system. LaNiO3 system only lasted for 13 h as its compact ash blocked the gas flow. LaCoO3 system lasted longer (17 h) with its porous ash, but it eventually failed because KCl crystallites blocked its active sites. Relatively, LaCoO3 system offered greater net H2 production (72.78%) and POME treatment volume (30.77%) than LaNiO3 system. SR could attain appreciable POME degradation (>97% COD, BOD5, TSS, & colour intensity). Withal, SR-treated POME should be polished to further reduce its incompliant COD and BOD5

A Sugarcane-Bagasse-Based Adsorbent Employed for Mitigating Eutrophication Threats and Producing Biodiesel Simultaneously

Eutrophication is an inevitable phenomenon, and it has recently become an unabated threat. As a positive, the thriving microalgal biomass in eutrophic water is conventionally perceived to be loaded with myriad valuable biochemical compounds. Therefore, a sugarcane-bagasse-based adsorbent was proposed in this study to harvest the microalgal biomass for producing biodiesel. By activating the sugarcane-bagasse-based adsorbent with 1.5 M of H2SO4, a highest adsorption capacity of 108.9 ± 0.3 mg/g was attained. This was fundamentally due to the surface potential of the 1.5 M H2SO4 acid-modified sugarcane-bagasse-based adsorbent possessing the lowest surface positivity value as calculated from its point of zero charge. The adsorption capacity was then improved to 192.9 ± 0.1 mg/g by stepwise optimizing the adsorbent size to 6.7–8.0 mm, adsorption medium pH to 2–4, and adsorbent dosage to 0.4 g per 100 mL of adsorption medium. This resulted in 91.5% microalgae removal efficiency. Excellent-quality biodiesel was also obtained as reflected by the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profile, showing the dominant species of C16–C18 encompassing 71% of the overall FAMEs. The sustainability of harvesting microalgal biomass via an adsorption-enhanced flocculation processes was also evidenced by the potentiality to reuse the spent acid-modified adsorbent