Encephalopathy an Atypical Presentation of Intussusception: A Case Report

Background: Intussusception Encephalopathy is a pediatric emergency where a stuporous child presents with or without abdominal symptoms. Neurological manifestations of intussusception are an atypical presentation of this condition. It often misleads clinicians to other differential diagnoses of encephalopathy. The Case: We present to you a case of an 11-month-old child presented with encephalopathy, acute in onset with underlying intussusception. Conclusion: Intussusception encephalopathy is a pediatric emergency. It should be kept as a differential diagnosis when a child presents with complaints of acute onset of drowsiness with or without abdominal symptoms. Early diagnosis could save grave complications and improve the prognosis

Visible Light-Assisted Degradation of Malachite Green dye using Waste Tea-Mediated Zinc Nanoparticles

This work presents entirely a new, green, and non-expensive route of synthesis of zinc nanoparticles (NPs) using waste tea. The crystalline nature of waste tea-mediated Zn NPs (WT-ZnO NPs) was confirmed by XRD and SAED analyses. Further characterizations of WT-ZnO NPs were done using UV-vis spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, SEM- EDX, and TEM. The size of synthesized NPs was calculated to be 15.1 nm which presented spherical morphology with some sorts of agglomeration. The WT-ZnO NPs when applied as visible light-driven photo catalyst for degradation of Malachite green dye. Adsorptions of Malachite green (MG) dye follow pseudo-first-order kinetics. It was found that the dye degradation showed best results in the presence of sunlight at a pH of 3, Malachite green (MG) Dye concentration 50 ppm with 60 mg of WT-ZnO NPs. At room temperature, the maximum removal of dye was achieved in 105 min by stirring. Malachite green (MG) showed that degradation was 96.45 % in the presence of visible light and 81.5% in the presence of sun light within the experimental time. The highly pure, WT-ZnO NPs are considered to have comparable photocatalytic activity with respect to most of the reported works and hence might find a way for its practical application for waste water treatment in the real world. The WT-ZnO NPs could be reused at least for three times without any significant loss in degradation efficiency

The Power to Resist: Mobilization and the Logic of Terrorist Attacks in Civil War

Existing research has argued that terrorism is common in civil war because it is "effective." Surprisingly, however, only some groups use terrorism during civil wars, while many refrain altogether. We also see considerable variation in the use of terrorism over time. This article presents a theory of terrorism as a mobilization strategy in civil war, taking into account benefits, costs, and temporal dynamics. We argue that the choice and the timing of terrorism arise from the interaction between conditions for effective mobilization and battlefield dynamics. Terrorism can mobilize support when it provokes indiscriminate government repression or when it radicalizes rebels' constituency by antagonizing specific societal groups. The timing of attacks, however, is in uenced by battlefield losses, which increase rebels' need to rally civilian support. The analyses of new disaggregated data on rebels' terrorist attacks during con icts (1989-2009) and of ISIS tactics in Iraq and Syria support our theoretical argument

What explains ethnic organizational violence? Evidence from Eastern Europe and Russia

Why do some ethnopolitical organizations use violence? Research on substate violence often uses the state level of analysis, or only analyzes groups that are already violent. Using a resource mobilization framework drawn from a broad literature, we test hypotheses with new data on hundreds of violent and non-violent ethnopolitical organizations in Eastern Europe and Russia. Our study finds interorganizational competition, state repression and strong group leadership associated with organizational violence. Lack of popularity and holding territory are also associated with violence. We do not find social service provision positively related to violence, which contrasts with research on the Middle East

Roving Bandits? The Geographical Evolution of African Armed Conflicts

The fighting in some civil wars primarily takes place in a few stable locations, while the fighting in others moves substantially. We posit that rebel groups that do not primarily fight for a specific ethnic group, that receive outside military assistance, or that have relatively weak fighting capacity tend to fight in inconsistent locations. We develop new measures of conflict zone movement to test our hypotheses, based on shifts in the conflict polygons derived from the new Georeferenced Event Dataset (GED) developed by the Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP). Our empirical results provide support for the suggested mechanisms. We find that groups which lack strong ethnic ties and sufficient military strength to compete with government forces in conventional warfare fight in more varied locations. These findings improve our understandings of and expectations for variations in the humanitarian footprint of armed conflicts, the interdependencies between rebel groups and local populations, and the dilemmas faced by government counterinsurgency efforts

Carrots, Sticks, and Insurgent Targeting of Civilians

How do conciliatory and coercive counterinsurgency tactics affect militant group violence against civilians? Scholars of civil war increasingly seek to understand intentional civilian targeting, often referred to as terrorism. Extant research emphasizes group weakness, or general state attributes such as regime type. We focus on terrorism as violent communication and as a response to government actions. State tactics toward groups, carrots and sticks, should be important for explaining insurgent terror. We test the argument using new data on terrorism by insurgent groups, with many time-varying variables, covering 1998 through 2012. Results suggest government coercion against a group is associated with subsequent terrorism by that group. However, this is only the case for larger insurgent groups, which raises questions about the notion of terrorism as a weapon of the weak. Carrots are often negatively related to group terrorism. Other factors associated with insurgent terrorism include holding territory, ethnic motivation, and social service provision