Metode Irfani dalam epistemologi Islam

INDONESIA: Penelitian ini berupaya menggambarkan perkembangan nalar irfani dan merumuskan metode irfani dalam epistemologi Islam. Di era dominasi positivisme ilmu pengetahuan, metode irfani menjadi pendekatan yang sulit diterima. Namun seiring berkembangnya berbagai pandangan filsafat ilmu pengetahuan mutakhir, misalnya dikembangkan oleh Paul Feyerabend, semuanya metode menjadi mungkin. Peneliti menggunakan metode kajian literatur untuk melakukan riset ini. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah secara potensial ‘irfani mungkin diperoleh setiap manusia yang melakukan perjalanan ruhani. Selain sebagai model epistemologi, ‘irfani sesungguhnya merupakan pengalaman spiritual yang kaya sehingga di pandang sebagai kekayaan Islam yang harus diapresiasi demi penyempurnaan pengamalan keIslaman itu sendiri. Metode irfani mendorong pencari ilmu untuk berusaha mendekatkan diri kepada Allah Yang Mahabenar (al-Haqq). Realitas bukan hanya ditemukan, tapi dicapai. Pencapaian pengetahuan mengenai realitas itu terjadi karena kaum ‘arif melakukan perjalanan spiritual menuju Yang Mahabenar, baik dengan metode ittihad dan hulul, atau maqom mukasyafah (ketersingkapan) realitas-Nya. Dengan penyucian jiwa itulah, kaum ‘arif memiliki pengetahuan tentang-Nya, maka realitas yang inderawi dan rasional tentu akan diketahui pula. ENGLISH: This study tries to describe the development of irfani reasoning and formulate the irfani method in Islamic epistemology. In the era of the dominance of scientific positivism, the irfani method became a problematic approach to accept. However, as various philosophical views of the latest scientific developments, such as those developed by Paul Feyerabend, all methods become possible. In this study, the researcher used the literature review method. This study concludes that potentially 'irfani may be obtained by every human who travels the spiritual journey. Aside from being an epistemological model, irfani is a rich spiritual experience so that it is viewed as Islamic wealth, which must be appreciated in order to perfect the practice of Islam itself. The irfani method encourages knowledge seekers to try to draw closer to the True God (al-Haqq). Reality is not only found but achieved. The attainment of knowledge about reality occurs because the ‘arif make a spiritual journey to the Truth (al-Haqq), both by the method of ittihad and hulul, or maqom mukasyafah (the disclosure) of His reality. With the purification of the soul, the wise man (‘arif) know about Him; then, the sensory and rational reality will undoubtedly be known as well

The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance

INTRODUCTION Investment in Africa over the past year with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing has led to a massive increase in the number of sequences, which, to date, exceeds 100,000 sequences generated to track the pandemic on the continent. These sequences have profoundly affected how public health officials in Africa have navigated the COVID-19 pandemic. RATIONALE We demonstrate how the first 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Africa have helped monitor the epidemic on the continent, how genomic surveillance expanded over the course of the pandemic, and how we adapted our sequencing methods to deal with an evolving virus. Finally, we also examine how viral lineages have spread across the continent in a phylogeographic framework to gain insights into the underlying temporal and spatial transmission dynamics for several variants of concern (VOCs). RESULTS Our results indicate that the number of countries in Africa that can sequence the virus within their own borders is growing and that this is coupled with a shorter turnaround time from the time of sampling to sequence submission. Ongoing evolution necessitated the continual updating of primer sets, and, as a result, eight primer sets were designed in tandem with viral evolution and used to ensure effective sequencing of the virus. The pandemic unfolded through multiple waves of infection that were each driven by distinct genetic lineages, with B.1-like ancestral strains associated with the first pandemic wave of infections in 2020. Successive waves on the continent were fueled by different VOCs, with Alpha and Beta cocirculating in distinct spatial patterns during the second wave and Delta and Omicron affecting the whole continent during the third and fourth waves, respectively. Phylogeographic reconstruction points toward distinct differences in viral importation and exportation patterns associated with the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants and subvariants, when considering both Africa versus the rest of the world and viral dissemination within the continent. Our epidemiological and phylogenetic inferences therefore underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic on the continent and highlight key insights and challenges, for instance, recognizing the limitations of low testing proportions. We also highlight the early warning capacity that genomic surveillance in Africa has had for the rest of the world with the detection of new lineages and variants, the most recent being the characterization of various Omicron subvariants. CONCLUSION Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve. This is important not only to help combat SARS-CoV-2 on the continent but also because it can be used as a platform to help address the many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats in Africa. In particular, capacity building for local sequencing within countries or within the continent should be prioritized because this is generally associated with shorter turnaround times, providing the most benefit to local public health authorities tasked with pandemic response and mitigation and allowing for the fastest reaction to localized outbreaks. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century

Enhanced infection prophylaxis reduces mortality in severely immunosuppressed HIV-infected adults and older children initiating antiretroviral therapy in Kenya, Malawi, Uganda and Zimbabwe: the REALITY trial

Meeting abstract FRAB0101LB from 21st International AIDS Conference 18–22 July 2016, Durban, South Africa. Introduction: Mortality from infections is high in the first 6 months of antiretroviral therapy (ART) among HIV‐infected adults and children with advanced disease in sub‐Saharan Africa. Whether an enhanced package of infection prophylaxis at ART initiation would reduce mortality is unknown. Methods: The REALITY 2×2×2 factorial open‐label trial (ISRCTN43622374) randomized ART‐naïve HIV‐infected adults and children >5 years with CD4 <100 cells/mm3. This randomization compared initiating ART with enhanced prophylaxis (continuous cotrimoxazole plus 12 weeks isoniazid/pyridoxine (anti‐tuberculosis) and fluconazole (anti‐cryptococcal/candida), 5 days azithromycin (anti‐bacterial/protozoal) and single‐dose albendazole (anti‐helminth)), versus standard‐of‐care cotrimoxazole. Isoniazid/pyridoxine/cotrimoxazole was formulated as a scored fixed‐dose combination. Two other randomizations investigated 12‐week adjunctive raltegravir or supplementary food. The primary endpoint was 24‐week mortality. Results: 1805 eligible adults (n = 1733; 96.0%) and children/adolescents (n = 72; 4.0%) (median 36 years; 53.2% male) were randomized to enhanced (n = 906) or standard prophylaxis (n = 899) and followed for 48 weeks (3.8% loss‐to‐follow‐up). Median baseline CD4 was 36 cells/mm3 (IQR: 16–62) but 47.3% were WHO Stage 1/2. 80 (8.9%) enhanced versus 108(12.2%) standard prophylaxis died before 24 weeks (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 0.73 (95% CI: 0.54–0.97) p = 0.03; Figure 1) and 98(11.0%) versus 127(14.4%) respectively died before 48 weeks (aHR = 0.75 (0.58–0.98) p = 0.04), with no evidence of interaction with the two other randomizations (p > 0.8). Enhanced prophylaxis significantly reduced incidence of tuberculosis (p = 0.02), cryptococcal disease (p = 0.01), oral/oesophageal candidiasis (p = 0.02), deaths of unknown cause (p = 0.02) and (marginally) hospitalisations (p = 0.06) but not presumed severe bacterial infections (p = 0.38). Serious and grade 4 adverse events were marginally less common with enhanced prophylaxis (p = 0.06). CD4 increases and VL suppression were similar between groups (p > 0.2). Conclusions: Enhanced infection prophylaxis at ART initiation reduces early mortality by 25% among HIV‐infected adults and children with advanced disease. The pill burden did not adversely affect VL suppression. Policy makers should consider adopting and implementing this low‐cost broad infection prevention package which could save 3.3 lives for every 100 individuals treated