On Higher Order Gravities, Their Analogy to GR, and Dimensional Dependent Version of Duff's Trace Anomaly Relation

An almost brief, though lengthy, review introduction about the long history of higher order gravities and their applications, as employed in the literature, is provided. We review the analogous procedure between higher order gravities and GR, as described in our previous works, in order to highlight its important achievements. Amongst which are presentation of an easy classification of higher order Lagrangians and its employment as a \emph{criteria} in order to distinguish correct metric theories of gravity. For example, it does not permit the inclusion of only one of the second order Lagrangians in \emph{isolation}. But, it does allow the inclusion of the cosmological term. We also discuss on the compatibility of our procedure and the Mach idea. We derive a dimensional dependent version of Duff's trace anomaly relation, which in \emph{four}-dimension is the same as the usual Duff relation. The Lanczos Lagrangian satisfies this new constraint in \emph{any} dimension. The square of the Weyl tensor identically satisfies it independent of dimension, however, this Lagrangian satisfies the previous relation only in three and four dimensions.Comment: 30 pages, added reference

The Viviparous12 Maize Mutant Is Deficient In Abscisic Acid, Carotenoids, And Chlorophyll Synthesis

The carotenoid/viviparous maize (Zea mays L.) mutant vp12 is a single locus mutation that results in lemon-coloured endosperms, viviparous embryos and albino seedlings. This work presents the first molecular and biochemical analysis of vp12. Levels of ABA were measured during embryo development and also in isolated organs under water deficit stress. ABA levels were lower in developing embryos of mutants than in non-mutant siblings at all stages analysed. In addition, under water deficit, mutant organs accumulated less ABA than corresponding non-mutant sibling organs. Furthermore, immature mutant embryos accumulated transcripts for several ABA or water deficit-responsive genes, Em, glb1, glb2, rab17, and vp1. These results indicated that vp12 is deficient in ABA accumulation, but not in the ABA signal transduction pathway. Analysis of carotenoid extracts showed that mutant endosperms accumulated lower amounts of coloured precursors than non-mutant endosperms. The expression of key enzymes in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway was also analysed in vp12 endosperms. Western analysis indicated that phytoene synthase (PSY) was present at equal levels in normal and mutant endosperms. In addition, phytoene desaturase (PDS) transcript levels were similar in non-mutant and mutant tissues. Transcripts for geranylgeranyl, pyrophosphate synthase (GGPPS), on the other hand, accumulated at lower levels in mutant endosperms than in non-mutant ones. However, Southern analysis of genomic DNA from normal and mutant tissues indicated that the gene encoding GGPPS is unlikely to be directly affected in vp12. Finally, vp12 seedlings grown under dim-light conditions produced white leaves, showing that vp12 is deficient in chlorophyll as well as carotenoid synthesis.4831112591268Anderson, I.C., Robertson, D.S., Role of carotenoids in protecting chlorophyll from photodestruction (1960) Plant Physiology, 35, pp. 531-534Anderson, I.C., Robertson, D.S., Chlorophyll and carotenoid contents of some pigment mutants in corn (1963) Abstract. Plant Physiology, 38, pp. iiiBadillo, A., Steppuhn, J., Deruere, J., Camara, B., Kuntz, M., Structure of a functional geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase gene from Capsicum annuum (1965) Plant Molecular Biology, 27, pp. 425-428Bartley, G.E., Scolnik, P.A., Molecular biology of carotenoid biosynthesis in plants (1994) Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, 45, pp. 287-301Belanger, F.C., Kriz, A.L., Molecular charactenzation ol the major maize embryo globulin encoded by the Glb1 gene (1989) Plant Physiology, 91, pp. 636-643Bostock, R.M., Quatrano, R.S., Regulation of Em gene expression in rice. Interaction between osmotic stress and abscisic acid (1992) Plant Physiology, 98, pp. 1356-1363Buckner, B., Buckner, D.J., Distribution of carotenoids and Y1 mRNA in maize kernels (1994) Maize Genetics Cooperation Newsletter, 68, pp. 45-46Buckner, B., Kelson, T.L., Robertson, D.S., Cloning of the y1 locus of maize, a gene involved in the biosynthesis of carotenoids (1990) The Plant Cell, 2, pp. 867-876Butler, W.M., Cuming, A.C., Differential molecular responses to abscisic acid and osmotic stress in viviparous maize embryos (1993) Planta, 189, pp. 507-515Chandler, P.M., Robertson, M., Gene expression regulated by abscisic acid and its relation to stress tolerance (1994) Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, 45, pp. 113-145Coe Jr., E.H., Neuffer, M.G., Hoisington, D.A., The genetics of corn (1988) Corn and Corn Improvement, pp. 81-258. , Sprague GF, Dudley JW, eds. ASA-CSSA-SSSA PressDavis, L.G., Dibrer, M.D., Battey, J.F., Silver staining of gels for proteins or RNA (1986) Basic Methods in Molecular Biology, pp. 315-317. , Battey JF, ed. New York: ElsevierDellaporta, S.L., Plant DNA Miniprep and Micropep: Versions 2.1-2.3 (1994) The Maize Handbook, pp. 522-525. , Freeling M, Walbot V, eds. Springer-VerlagGiraudat, J., Parcy, F., Bertauche, N., Gosti, F., Leung, J., Morris, P.-C., Bouvier-Durand, M., Vartanian, N., Current advances in abscisic acid action and signaling (1994) Plant Molecular Biology, 26, pp. 1557-1577Giuliano, G., Bartley, G.E., Scolnik, P.A., Regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis during tomato development (1993) The Plant Cell, 5, pp. 379-387Goodwin, T.W., Biosynthesis of carotenoids: An overview (1993) Methods in Enzymology, 214, pp. 330-340Grumbach, K.H., Evidence for the existence of two β-carotene pools and two biosynthetic β-carotene pathways in the chloroplast (1979) Zeitschrift für Naturforschung, 34 C, pp. 1205-1208Hable, W.E., Oishi, K.K., Maize phytoene desaturase maps near the viviparous5 locus (1995) Plant Physiology, 108, pp. 1329-1330Harlow, E., Lane, D., Immunoblotting (1988) Antibodies, a Laboratory Manual, pp. 471-510. , Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory PressKriz, A.L., Wallace, M.S., Paiva, R., Globulin gene expression in embryos of maize viviparous mutants. Evidence for regulation of the Glb1 gene by ABA (1990) Plant Physiology, 92, pp. 538-542Li, Z.-H., Matthews, P.D., Burr, B., Wurtzel, E.T., Cloning and characterization of a maize cDNa encoding phytoene desaturase, an enzyme of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway (1996) Plant Molecular Biology, 30, pp. 269-279Lichtenthaler, H.K., Chlorophylls and carotenoids: Pigments of photosynthetic biomembranes (1987) Methods in Enzymology, 148, pp. 350-382Longeman, J., Schell, J., Willmitzer, L., Improved method for the isolation of RNA from plant tissues (1987) Annals of Biochemistry, 163, pp. 16-20Maluf, M.P., (1996) Molecular and Biochemical Characterization of the Vp12 Mutant of Maize, p. 112. , PhD dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignMarcotte Jr., W.R., Russel, S.H., Quatrano, R.S., Abscisic acid responsive sequences from the Em gene of wheat (1989) The Plant Cell, 1, pp. 969-976McCarty, D.R., Carson, C.B., The molecular genetics of seed maturation in maize (1991) Physiologia Plantarum, 81, pp. 267-272McCarty, D.R., Hattori, T., Carson, C.B., Vasil, V., Lazar, M., Vasil, I.K., The Viviparous-1 developmental gene of maize encodes a novel transcriptional activator (1991) Cell, 66, pp. 895-905Neill, S.J., Horgan, R., Parry, A.D., The carotenoid and abscisic acid content of viviparous kernels and seedlings of Zea mays L (1986) Planta, 169, pp. 87-96Paiva, R., Kriz, A.L., Effect of abscisic acid on embryo-specific gene expression during normal and precocious germination in normal and viviparous maize (Zea mays) embryos (1994) Planta, 192, pp. 332-339Parry, A.D., Neill, S.J., Horgan, R., Measurement of xanthoxin in higher plant tissue using 13C labelled internal standards (1990) Phytochemistry, 29, pp. 1033-1039Parry, A.D., Horgan, R., Carotenoid metabolism and the biosynthesis of abscisic acid (1991) Phytochemistry, 30, pp. 815-821Pla, M., Goday, A., Vilardell, J., Gomez, J., Pagès, M., Differential regulation of ABA-induced 23-25 kDa proteins in embryo and vegetative tissues of the viviparous embryos of maize (1989) Plant Molecular Biology, 13, pp. 385-394Pla, M., Gomez, J., Goday, A., Pagès, M., Regulation of the abscisic acid-responsive gene rab28 in maize viviparous mutants (1991) Molecular and General Genetics, 230, pp. 394-400Quarrie, S.A., Whitford, P.N., Appleford, N.E.J., Wang, T.L., Cook, S.K., Henson, I.E., Loveys, B.R., A monoclonal antibody to (S)-abscisic acid: Its characterisation and use in a radioimmunoassay for measuring abscisic acid in crude extracts of cereal and lupin leaves (1988) Planta, 173, pp. 330-339Robertson, D.S., The genetics of vivipary in maize (1955) Genetics, 40, pp. 745-760Robertson, D.S., Survey of the albino and white endosperm mutants of maize (1975) The Journal of Heredity, 66, pp. 67-74Saab, I.N., Sharp, R.E., Pritchard, J., Voetberg, G.S., Increased endogenous abscisic acid maintains primary root growth and inhibits shoot growth of maize seedlings at low water potentials (1990) Plant Physiology, 93, pp. 1329-1336Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E.F., Maniatis, T., (1989) Molecular Cloning, a Laboratory Manual, , Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory PressShah, D.M., Highwake, R.C., Meagher, R.B., Genes encoding actin in higher plants: Intron positions are highly conserved but the coding sequences are not (1983) Molecular and Applied Genetics, 2, pp. 111-126Shure, M., Wessler, S., Fedoroff, N., Molecular identification and isolation of the waxy locus in maize (1983) Cell, 35, pp. 225-233Smith, J.D., McDaniels, S., Lively, S., Regulation of embryo growth and abscisic acid in vitro (1978) Maize Genetics Cooperation Newsletter, 52, pp. 107-108Vilardell, J., Goday, A., Freire, M.A., Torrent, M., Martínez, M.C., Torné, J.M., Pagès, M., Gene sequence, developmental expression, and protein phosphorylation of RAB-17 in maize (1990) Plant Molecular Biology, 14, pp. 423-432Wallace, N.H., Kriz, A.L., Nucleotide sequence of a cDNA clone corresponding to the maize Globulin-2 gene (1991) Plant Physiology, 95, p. 973Wurtzel, E.T., Use of a Ds chromosome-breaking element to examine maize Vp5 expression (1992) Journal of Heredity, 83, pp. 109-11

Mapping Of A Novel Viviparous Unstable Mutant Of Maize (up12)

A new viviparous mutant of maize (Zea mays L.), associated with genetic instability and designated viviparous-12 (vp12), was identified in a synthetic Tuxpeno adapted to tropical regions. In the present work, the linkage group of this new locus was determined. Progenies of inbred line L477 segregating for the vp12 mutant were crossed with waxy-marked reciprocal translocation stocks. The phenotypic frequencies of the wx and vp12 mutants were analyzed in F2 progenies. The results demonstrated that the Viviparous-12 locus of maize is located on the long arm of chromosome 6.201717

Large-scale Analysis Of Differential Gene Expression In Coffee Genotypes Resistant And Susceptible To Leaf Miner-toward The Identification Of Candidate Genes For Marker Assisted-selection

Background: A successful development of herbivorous insects into plant tissues depends on coordination of metabolic processes. Plants have evolved complex mechanisms to recognize such attacks, and to trigger a defense response. To understand the transcriptional basis of this response, we compare gene expression profiles of two coffee genotypes, susceptible and resistant to leaf miner (Leucoptera coffella). A total of 22000 EST sequences from the Coffee Genome Database were selected for a microarray analysis. Fluorescence probes were synthesized using mRNA from the infested and non-infested coffee plants. Array hybridization, scanning and data normalization were performed using Nimble Scan® e ArrayStar® platforms. Genes with foldchange values +/-2 were considered differentially expressed. A validation of 18 differentially expressed genes was performed in infected plants using qRT-PCR approach.Results: The microarray analysis indicated that resistant plants differ in gene expression profile. We identified relevant transcriptional changes in defense strategies before insect attack. Expression changes (>2.00-fold) were found in resistant plants for 2137 genes (1266 up-regulated and 873 down-regulated). Up-regulated genes include those responsible for defense mechanisms, hypersensitive response and genes involved with cellular function and maintenance. Also, our analyses indicated that differential expression profiles between resistant and susceptible genotypes are observed in the absence of leaf-miner, indicating that defense is already build up in resistant plants, as a priming mechanism. Validation of selected genes pointed to four selected genes as suitable candidates for markers in assisted-selection of novel cultivars.Conclusions: Our results show evidences that coffee defense responses against leaf-miner attack are balanced with other cellular functions. 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Coincidence of flowering time and the productivity and quality of cauliflower hybrid seeds Coincidência de florescimento entre linhagens de couve-flor na produtividade e qualidade de sementes híbridas

The missing of flowering synchronization between the self-incompatible lines in a crop field of cauliflower hybrid seeds besides making the seed production smaller can compromise the genetic purity of them. The coincidence of the flowering time between two cauliflower lines was examined to study its effect on the productivity and quality of hybrid seeds. The treatments consisted of six different sowing dates, every fifteen days, using a self-incompatible tropical line pollinated by a winter line which does not present self-incompatibility. The following characteristics were evaluated: leaf average area and number of flowers per plant, number of siliques per plant, number and weight of seeds per plant, weight of thousand seeds and average number of seeds per silique. The germination standard test and genetic seed purity were determined for each treatment. The coincident flowering season between cauliflower lines affects directly the productivity and the genetic quality of the produced hybrid seeds. The closer the flowering time coincidence between the lines, the greater the number of seeds per silique and the smaller the percentage of non-hybrid seedlings. However, the coincidence of the flowering season between lines was found to influence physiological seed quality.<br>A falta de sincronismo de florescimento entre as linhagens auto incompatíveis em um campo de produção de sementes híbridas de couve flor pode além de reduzir a produção de sementes comprometer a pureza genética das mesmas. Com o objetivo de estudar o efeito da coincidência de florescimento entre linhagens de couve-flor na produtividade e qualidade de sementes híbridas, foi realizado o presente experimento. Os tratamentos consistiram em seis diferentes épocas de semeadura, espaçadas a cada quinze dias, de uma linhagem de verão auto-incompatível que foi polinizada por uma linhagem de inverno que não apresenta auto-incompatibilidade. Observou-se a coincidência do florescimento das diferentes épocas de semeadura com a linhagem polinizadora. Foram avaliadas as seguintes características: área foliar média, número de flores por planta, número de síliqüas por planta, número de sementes por planta (peso e número), peso médio de 1000 sementes e foi determinado o número de sementes por síliqüa. Foi realizado ainda, o teste padrão de germinação e determinada a pureza genética das sementes para cada tratamento. A coincidência da época de florescimento entre as linhagens de couve-flor afetou diretamente a produtividade e a qualidade genética das sementes híbridas produzidas, sendo que, quanto maior foi o nível de coincidência, maior foi o número de sementes formadas por síliqüa e menor a percentagem de sementes contaminantes. Entretanto, não teve influência na qualidade fisiológica das mesmas