Project Solaris : Evaluation of EASA-regulations applied to a solar powered UAS

  Den här rapporten är en del av första fasen i Solaris projektet där en solcellsdriven UAS skall utvecklas.  Den här delen av projektet berör hur lagar och bestämmelser samt den fortsatta luftvärdigheten för UAS:er ser ut internationellt samt nationellt. Rapporten är till största del anpassad och riktad till Solarisverksamheten men kan även användas för annan UAS-verksamhet. I Europa är det EASA som reglerar all UAS -verksamhet med flygfarkoster med en vikt över 150 kg. Reglerna för verksamhet med UAS:er under 150 kg har EASA lagt på nationell nivå där Transportstyrelsens luftfartsavdelning står för regelverket samt tillståndsgivning. Transportstyrelsen arbetar just nu med att ta fram ett nytt regelverk som berör verksamhet med UAS:er. Vad har gjorts Utvärdering av nationella och internationella lagar och bestämmesler rörande UAS aktiviteter. Kontakt med Transportstyrelsen och Svenska operatörer för samråd rörande regler och drifterfarenhet. Slutsatser Lagarna kommer inte sätta stopp för projektet eller kommande flygningar. De nya lagarna som är under utveckling kommer underlätta UAS verksamheten i framtiden. Solaris projektet regleras nationellt av Transportstyrelsen. Regelverket delar in UAS:er i 3 kategorier där kategori 3 ställer högst krav på flygplanet och organisationen. Eftersom det är ett forskningsprojekt kommer Solaris troligtvis inte betungas av alla de krav som ställs på en UAS organisation utan ett individuellt anpassat tillstånd ska kunna tas fram som gäller för Solaris och den verksamhet som är tänkt. Transportstyrelsen bör hållas uppdaterade under projektets gång för att lättare få ett individuellt anpassat tillstånd. I nuläget kan Solaris enbart flygas i avskilda luftrum. I framtiden kommer dock UAS intergreras med övrig luftfart.    This report is a part of the first phase of the Solaris project, where a solar-powered UAS (Unmanned Aerial System) will be developed. This part of the project concerns laws and regulations, both internationally and nationally. The report is largely adapted and targeted on the Solaris project but is also relevant for other UAS applications. In Europe, all UAS - activities of aircrafts with a weight over 150 kg is regulated by EASA (European Aviation Safety Agency). For UAS with a weight below 150 kg, the responsibility has been delegated to a national level. The SBT (Swedish Board of Transportation) is currently working to develop a new regulatory framework affecting UAS - activities. What has been done Evaluation of international and national UAS- regulations. Consultation with the SBT and other Swedish operators. Conclusions Neither the development of the project nor the forthcoming flights are threatened by regulations. The new regulations are encouraging UAS activities in the future. Solaris is regulated at a national level by the SBT. UAS-aircrafts in Sweden are cathegorized into 3 categories where category 3 has the most demanding requirements on the aircraft and organisation. Solaris is a research project and will be issued an adapted permit from the SBT, hence it will be easier for the project to be able to perform flights without strictly having comply with regulations eg. category 3. A dialogue with the SBT should be cept during the development of the project to make sure Solaris is developed and constructed in a way to be able to receive a permit. As for now, Solaris can only be flown in segregated areas. In the future, UAS in civil air traffic will become reality.  Project Solari

Parents ice-hockey habitus and their childrens' participation

Rooted and centered within a Bourdieu-inspired understanding of how the habitus and social class of parents affects childrens’ sports choices, this paper contributes to a greater appreciation of how social capital and social background impact a family’s ability to practice the sport of ice-hockey. Historically, there has been a significant amount of research investigating the reasons for- and rates of- dropout from sports participation, but few attempts has been undertaken to study athletes who begin and continue to actively play a certain sport. Through the creation of an index which measures different variables, this paper introduces the concept of an ice-hockey habitus. This habitus was used to compare the education, occupations, economic wealth and other demographic parameters of parents of ice-hockey-playing children. With that in mind, the aim of this paper was to investigate what characterizes ice-hockey playing childrens’ parents. The results were found through looking at the above-mentioned demographics in relation to previous research, and, briefly, the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. Additionally, a further aim is to document the demographics of the parents of continual-participation among young ice-hockey players. To do so, a quantitative research method was utilized, through which a web-based questionnaire was formed and used as foundation for the gathering of the empirical data. The total amount of responses amounted to n=576, from four disparate cities within a geographical distribution from south to north. The findings showed that there was a correlation between families with ice-hockey playing children and highly educated parents (in some areas more than double the Swedish average) and economic wealth (as more than four out of five families earns equal to- or higher than the Swedish average). The findings also showed that for the ice-hockey habitus, level of education did not affect mothers’ index level. For the fathers’ index, the amount of highly educated fathers decreased as the ice-hockey habitus increased. A further correlation found was that as ice-hockey habitus increased, so did the amount of families with higher economic wealth

Parents ice-hockey habitus and their childrens' participation

Rooted and centered within a Bourdieu-inspired understanding of how the habitus and social class of parents affects childrens’ sports choices, this paper contributes to a greater appreciation of how social capital and social background impact a family’s ability to practice the sport of ice-hockey. Historically, there has been a significant amount of research investigating the reasons for- and rates of- dropout from sports participation, but few attempts has been undertaken to study athletes who begin and continue to actively play a certain sport. Through the creation of an index which measures different variables, this paper introduces the concept of an ice-hockey habitus. This habitus was used to compare the education, occupations, economic wealth and other demographic parameters of parents of ice-hockey-playing children. With that in mind, the aim of this paper was to investigate what characterizes ice-hockey playing childrens’ parents. The results were found through looking at the above-mentioned demographics in relation to previous research, and, briefly, the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. Additionally, a further aim is to document the demographics of the parents of continual-participation among young ice-hockey players. To do so, a quantitative research method was utilized, through which a web-based questionnaire was formed and used as foundation for the gathering of the empirical data. The total amount of responses amounted to n=576, from four disparate cities within a geographical distribution from south to north. The findings showed that there was a correlation between families with ice-hockey playing children and highly educated parents (in some areas more than double the Swedish average) and economic wealth (as more than four out of five families earns equal to- or higher than the Swedish average). The findings also showed that for the ice-hockey habitus, level of education did not affect mothers’ index level. For the fathers’ index, the amount of highly educated fathers decreased as the ice-hockey habitus increased. A further correlation found was that as ice-hockey habitus increased, so did the amount of families with higher economic wealth

Parents ice-hockey habitus and their childrens' participation

Rooted and centered within a Bourdieu-inspired understanding of how the habitus and social class of parents affects childrens’ sports choices, this paper contributes to a greater appreciation of how social capital and social background impact a family’s ability to practice the sport of ice-hockey. Historically, there has been a significant amount of research investigating the reasons for- and rates of- dropout from sports participation, but few attempts has been undertaken to study athletes who begin and continue to actively play a certain sport. Through the creation of an index which measures different variables, this paper introduces the concept of an ice-hockey habitus. This habitus was used to compare the education, occupations, economic wealth and other demographic parameters of parents of ice-hockey-playing children. With that in mind, the aim of this paper was to investigate what characterizes ice-hockey playing childrens’ parents. The results were found through looking at the above-mentioned demographics in relation to previous research, and, briefly, the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. Additionally, a further aim is to document the demographics of the parents of continual-participation among young ice-hockey players. To do so, a quantitative research method was utilized, through which a web-based questionnaire was formed and used as foundation for the gathering of the empirical data. The total amount of responses amounted to n=576, from four disparate cities within a geographical distribution from south to north. The findings showed that there was a correlation between families with ice-hockey playing children and highly educated parents (in some areas more than double the Swedish average) and economic wealth (as more than four out of five families earns equal to- or higher than the Swedish average). The findings also showed that for the ice-hockey habitus, level of education did not affect mothers’ index level. For the fathers’ index, the amount of highly educated fathers decreased as the ice-hockey habitus increased. A further correlation found was that as ice-hockey habitus increased, so did the amount of families with higher economic wealth

Lidar Measurements Supporting the Ocular Hazard Distance Calculation Using Atmospheric Attenuation

A series of lidar measurements has been performed at the Vidsel Test Range, Vidsel, situated in the inland of the very northern part of Sweden, as a part of an assessment of reducing the laser hazard distance using atmospheric attenuation within the calculations of nominal ocular hazard distance (NOHD). The question was “How low is the atmospheric attenuation as function of height in this area, using a wavelength of 1064 nm?” The work included building a ground based backscatter lidar, performing a series of measurements and analyzing the results. The measurements were performed during June to November, 2014, with the objective to measure at clear air and good weather situations. The lidar measurements at 1064 nm showed a very low atmospheric attenuation as a function of height to altitudes of at least 10 km at several occasions. The lowest limit of backscatter coefficient possible to measure with this instrument is 0.3·10-7 m-1 sr-1. Assuming a lidar ratio varying between 30 – 100 sr, this was leading to an extinction coefficient of about 0.9 - 3·10-6 m-1. The atmospheric attenuation reduces the laser hazard distance with about 50 – 56 % depending on the lidar ratio. A recommendation is to monitor the atmospheric attenuation at the occasions when the method to the reduced laser hazard distance using atmospheric attenuation is used

Lidar Measurements Supporting the Ocular Hazard Distance Calculation Using Atmospheric Attenuation

A series of lidar measurements has been performed at the Vidsel Test Range, Vidsel, situated in the inland of the very northern part of Sweden, as a part of an assessment of reducing the laser hazard distance using atmospheric attenuation within the calculations of nominal ocular hazard distance (NOHD). The question was “How low is the atmospheric attenuation as function of height in this area, using a wavelength of 1064 nm?” The work included building a ground based backscatter lidar, performing a series of measurements and analyzing the results. The measurements were performed during June to November, 2014, with the objective to measure at clear air and good weather situations. The lidar measurements at 1064 nm showed a very low atmospheric attenuation as a function of height to altitudes of at least 10 km at several occasions. The lowest limit of backscatter coefficient possible to measure with this instrument is 0.3·10-7 m-1 sr-1. Assuming a lidar ratio varying between 30 – 100 sr, this was leading to an extinction coefficient of about 0.9 - 3·10-6 m-1. The atmospheric attenuation reduces the laser hazard distance with about 50 – 56 % depending on the lidar ratio. A recommendation is to monitor the atmospheric attenuation at the occasions when the method to the reduced laser hazard distance using atmospheric attenuation is used

Shining dead bone—cause for cautious interpretation of [¹⁸F]NaF PET scans

<p><b>Background and purpose — [¹⁸F]Fluoride ([¹⁸F]NaF) PET scan is frequently used for estimation of bone healing rate and extent in cases of bone allografting and fracture healing. Some authors claim that [¹⁸F]NaF uptake is a measure of osteoblastic activity, calcium metabolism, or bone turnover. Based on the known affinity of fluoride to hydroxyapatite, we challenged this view.</b></p> <p><b>Methods — 10 male rats received crushed, frozen allogeneic cortical bone fragments in a pouch in the abdominal wall on the right side, and hydroxyapatite granules on left side. [¹⁸F]NaF was injected intravenously after 7 days. 60 minutes later, the rats were killed and [¹⁸F]NaF uptake was visualized in a PET/CT scanner. Specimens were retrieved for micro CT and histology.</b></p> <p><b>Results — MicroCT and histology showed no signs of new bone at the implant sites. Still, the implants showed a very high [¹⁸F]NaF uptake, on a par with the most actively growing and remodeling sites around the knee joint.</b></p> <p><b>Interpretation — [¹⁸F]NaF binds with high affinity to dead bone and calcium phosphate materials. Hence, an [¹⁸F]NaF PET/CT scan does not allow for sound conclusions about new bone ingrowth into bone allograft, healing activity in long bone shaft fractures with necrotic fragments, or remodeling around calcium phosphate coated prostheses</b></p

Lidar Measurements Supporting the Ocular Hazard Distance Calculation Using Atmospheric Attenuation

A series of lidar measurements has been performed at the Vidsel Test Range, Vidsel, situated in the inland of the very northern part of Sweden, as a part of an assessment of reducing the laser hazard distance using atmospheric attenuation within the calculations of nominal ocular hazard distance (NOHD). The question was “How low is the atmospheric attenuation as function of height in this area, using a wavelength of 1064 nm?” The work included building a ground based backscatter lidar, performing a series of measurements and analyzing the results. The measurements were performed during June to November, 2014, with the objective to measure at clear air and good weather situations. The lidar measurements at 1064 nm showed a very low atmospheric attenuation as a function of height to altitudes of at least 10 km at several occasions. The lowest limit of backscatter coefficient possible to measure with this instrument is 0.3·10-7 m-1 sr-1. Assuming a lidar ratio varying between 30 – 100 sr, this was leading to an extinction coefficient of about 0.9 - 3·10-6 m-1. The atmospheric attenuation reduces the laser hazard distance with about 50 – 56 % depending on the lidar ratio. A recommendation is to monitor the atmospheric attenuation at the occasions when the method to the reduced laser hazard distance using atmospheric attenuation is used