Enponential Roadmap

The 2019 Exponential Roadmap focuses on moving from incremental to exponential climate action in the next decade. It presents 36 economically- viable solutions to cut global greenhouse gas emissions 50% by 2030 and the strategies to scale this transformation.The roadmap is consistent with the Paris Agreement’s goal to keep global average temperature “well below 2\ub0C” and aiming for 1.5\ub0C above pre- industrial levels.The 2019 roadmap is the second in the series. Each new roadmap updates solutions that have proven potential to scale and charts progress towards exponential scaling. The roadmap, based on the carbon law (see box) is a collaboration between academia, business and civil society.The roadmap is complemented with a high-ambition narrative, Meeting the 1.5\ub0C Ambition, that presents the case why holding global average temperature increase to just 1.5\ub0C above pre-industrial levels is important. Since the first roadmap, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) published its special report on 1.5\ub0C. The report concluded that the economic and humanitarian risks of a 2\ub0C world are significantly higher than 1.5\ub0C.The remaining emissions budget for 1.5\ub0C is small, and will be exceeded within ten to fifteen years at current emission rates. The window of feasibility is closing rapidly.The global economic benefit of a low-carbon future is estimated at US$26 trillion by 2030 compared with staying on the current high-carbon pathway.The scale of transformation – halving emissions by 2030 – is unprecedented but the speed is not. Some cities and companies can transform significantly faster.Developed nations with significant historic emissions have a responsibility to reduce emissions faster.Greenhouse gas emissions, and the solutions to reduce them, are grouped by six sectors: energy, industry, transport, buildings, food consumption, nature-based solutions (sources and sinks).Meeting the 1.5\ub0C goal means implementing solutions in parallel across all sectors.The solutions must scale exponentially. The roadmap identifies four levers required to scale the transformation as well as necessary actions for each: policy, climate leadership and movements, finance and exponential technology.Implementation must be fair and just or risk deep resistance

A Genome-Wide Metabolic QTL Analysis in Europeans Implicates Two Loci Shaped by Recent Positive Selection

We have performed a metabolite quantitative trait locus (mQTL) study of the 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR) metabolome in humans, building on recent targeted knowledge of genetic drivers of metabolic regulation. Urine and plasma samples were collected from two cohorts of individuals of European descent, with one cohort comprised of female twins donating samples longitudinally. Sample metabolite concentrations were quantified by 1H NMR and tested for association with genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Four metabolites' concentrations exhibited significant, replicable association with SNP variation (8.6×10−11<p<2.8×10−23). Three of these—trimethylamine, 3-amino-isobutyrate, and an N-acetylated compound—were measured in urine. The other—dimethylamine—was measured in plasma. Trimethylamine and dimethylamine mapped to a single genetic region (hence we report a total of three implicated genomic regions). Two of the three hit regions lie within haplotype blocks (at 2p13.1 and 10q24.2) that carry the genetic signature of strong, recent, positive selection in European populations. Genes NAT8 and PYROXD2, both with relatively uncharacterized functional roles, are good candidates for mediating the corresponding mQTL associations. The study's longitudinal twin design allowed detailed variance-components analysis of the sources of population variation in metabolite levels. The mQTLs explained 40%–64% of biological population variation in the corresponding metabolites' concentrations. These effect sizes are stronger than those reported in a recent, targeted mQTL study of metabolites in serum using the targeted-metabolomics Biocrates platform. By re-analysing our plasma samples using the Biocrates platform, we replicated the mQTL findings of the previous study and discovered a previously uncharacterized yet substantial familial component of variation in metabolite levels in addition to the heritability contribution from the corresponding mQTL effects

A Genome-Wide Metabolic QTL Analysis in Europeans Implicates Two Loci Shaped by Recent Positive Selection

We have performed a metabolite quantitative trait locus (mQTL) study of the 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR) metabolome in humans, building on recent targeted knowledge of genetic drivers of metabolic regulation. Urine and plasma samples were collected from two cohorts of individuals of European descent, with one cohort comprised of female twins donating samples longitudinally. Sample metabolite concentrations were quantified by 1H NMR and tested for association with genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Four metabolites' concentrations exhibited significant, replicable association with SNP variation (8.6×10−11<p<2.8×10−23). Three of these—trimethylamine, 3-amino-isobutyrate, and an N-acetylated compound—were measured in urine. The other—dimethylamine—was measured in plasma. Trimethylamine and dimethylamine mapped to a single genetic region (hence we report a total of three implicated genomic regions). Two of the three hit regions lie within haplotype blocks (at 2p13.1 and 10q24.2) that carry the genetic signature of strong, recent, positive selection in European populations. Genes NAT8 and PYROXD2, both with relatively uncharacterized functional roles, are good candidates for mediating the corresponding mQTL associations. The study's longitudinal twin design allowed detailed variance-components analysis of the sources of population variation in metabolite levels. The mQTLs explained 40%–64% of biological population variation in the corresponding metabolites' concentrations. These effect sizes are stronger than those reported in a recent, targeted mQTL study of metabolites in serum using the targeted-metabolomics Biocrates platform. By re-analysing our plasma samples using the Biocrates platform, we replicated the mQTL findings of the previous study and discovered a previously uncharacterized yet substantial familial component of variation in metabolite levels in addition to the heritability contribution from the corresponding mQTL effects

Implausible projections overestimate near-term Bitcoin CO2 emissions

Contains fulltext : 207817.pdf (preprint version ) (Open Access

Implausible projections overestimate near-term Bitcoin CO2 emissions

Contains fulltext : 207817.pdf (preprint version ) (Open Access

The EARTH Project: Towards Energy Efficient Wireless Networks

No abstract available

Enablers for Energy Efficient Wireless Networks

Mobile communications are increasingly contributing to global energy consumption. The EARTH (Energy Aware Radio and neTworking tecHnologies) project tackles the important issue of reducing CO2 emissions by enhancing the energy efficiency of cellular mobile networks. EARTH is a holistic approach to develop a new generation of energy efficient products, components, deployment strategies and energy-aware network management solutions. In this paper the holistic EARTH approach to energy efficient mobile communication systems is introduced. Performance metrics are studied so to assess the theoretical bounds of energy efficiency and the practical achievable limits. Moreover, various deployment strategies focusing on their potential to reduce energy consumption are studied, whilst providing uncompromised coverage and user experience. This includes heterogeneous networks with a sophisticated mix of different cell sizes, which may be further enhanced by energy efficient relaying and base station cooperation technologies. Finally, scenarios leveraging the capability of advanced terminals to operate on multiple radio access technologies (RAT) are discussed with respect to their energy savings potential

The EARTH Project: Towards Energy Efficient Wireless Networks

No abstract available