Comparative Biological Activity Profile of Nava (Freshly Collected) and Purana (Old) Dhanyaka (Coriandrum sativum Linn.) through Gas Chromatography and In-Vitro Anti-Microbial Study

Introduction: Dhanyaka(Coriandrum sativum Linn.) belonging to family Apiaceae is one such common aromatic edible herb, the fruits of which are used as carminative, antimicrobial and cooling. Classical texts of Ayurveda advocate these fruits to be used in old condition. With this background, a study was done to compare biological activity profile of Nava and Purana Dhanyaka(Coriandrum sativum Linn.) through, Gas chromatography and   in-vitro anti-microbial activity. Materials and methods: Fresh fruits of Dhanyaka(Coriandrum sativum Linn.) were collected from Rona, Gadag district and authenticated. The fresh fruits named as S1 with which essential oil extracted using clevengers apparatus. Few fruits were kept in an air tight container and stored for one year, and at the end of a year named as sample(S2), essential oil extracted and stored. Both samples were subjected for GC and in-vitro antimicrobial activity. Results and Discussion: The Essential oil of Nava Dhanyaka(S1) included 17 identified compounds which was dominated by monoterpenes and sesquiterpene; whereas S2 showed 6 identified compounds in which 3 constituents isoborneol, citronellyl acetate and geraniol were new findings.  In-vitro anti-microbial study of essential oil extract showed that Purana Dhanyaka(S2) had better efficacy with respect to the standard against the strain Escherichia coli and Candida albicans; whereas that of  Nava Dhanyaka(S1) against only one bacterial strain ie., Streptococcus pyogens. Conclusion: Preservation of Dhanyaka(Coriandrum sativum Linn.) showed biological changes in terms of  antimicrobial activity compared to fresh sample. Key words: Dhanyaka, Coriandrum sativum Linn., Gas chromatography, In-vitro antimicrobial study

Olanzapine induced hyperprolactinemia

Olanzapine, a second generation antipsychotic is widely used for the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorders. Though olanzapine is an efficacious antipsychotic it has been associated with many adverse effects like weight gain, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, etc necessitating its discontinuation. Here, we present two cases of hyperprolactinemia induced by olanzapine

Traditional method of preparation and development of quality standards for an edible vegetable fat Malabar tallow (Vateria indica L. seed butter)

Dhupa fat or Malabar tallow is an edible fat extracted out of Vateria indica L. seed and is a traditional source of edible fat in the household of Malabar region. This investigation is an attempt to record macro-microscopic features of V. indica L. fruits along with physico-chemical characterization of seed and butter. The methodology of traditional extraction, analytical standardization and chemical fingerprints of the seed butter have been documented following standard procedure. Fragments of xylem, oil cells, sclerenchyma fibres are features of powder microscopy. Glycosides and coumarins were said to be main secondary metabolites detected out of the test drug. Analytical specifications of V. indica L. butter has shown saponification value and iodine value as 112.43 and 8.82 respectively. HPTLC photo documentation of chloroform and ethanolic extract of test drug given 1 and seven spots at 366 nm respectively. Thus current study derives prime scientific data on V. indica fruit, seed butter and their chemical nature

In-vitro Antioxidant activity assay of Habenaria longicorniculata J. Graham wild medicinal tubers

About: Habenaria longicorniculataJ.Graham are wild medicinal orchids with immunomodulatory and rejuvenating properties. Hence it has been tested to evaluate its antioxidant property. Materials and methods: Tubers were collected from Western-ghats during flowering season, shade dried, powder prepared and used for further study. In vitro antioxidant activity for DPPH, Nitric oxide, Hydroxyl radicals and inhibitory activity for Hydrogen peroxide was planned as per standard protocol. Results: The antioxidant activity property of H. longicorniculata J. Graham tuber extract exhibited the IC50 value for DPPH >1000, for NO and OH >5000 and inhibitory activity for H2O2 68.6189 respectively. Thus tubers of test drug proved to be potent H2O2 inhibitor. Keywords: Habenaria longicorniculataJ.Graham, In vitro antioxidant, H2O

Neural stem cell properties of Müller glia in the mammalian retina: Regulation by Notch and Wnt signaling

AbstractThe retina in adult mammals, unlike those in lower vertebrates such as fish and amphibians, is not known to support neurogenesis. However, when injured, the adult mammalian retina displays neurogenic changes, raising the possibility that neurogenic potential may be evolutionarily conserved and could be exploited for regenerative therapy. Here, we show that Müller cells, when retrospectively enriched from the normal retina, like their radial glial counterparts in the central nervous system (CNS), display cardinal features of neural stem cells (NSCs), i.e., they self-renew and generate all three basic cell types of the CNS. In addition, they possess the potential to generate retinal neurons, both in vitro and in vivo. We also provide direct evidence, by transplanting prospectively enriched injury-activated Müller cells into normal eye, that Müller cells have neurogenic potential and can generate retinal neurons, confirming a hypothesis, first proposed in lower vertebrates. This potential is likely due to the NSC nature of Müller cells that remains dormant under the constraint of non-neurogenic environment of the adult normal retina. Additionally, we demonstrate that the mechanism of activating the dormant stem cell properties in Müller cells involves Wnt and Notch pathways. Together, these results identify Müller cells as latent NSCs in the mammalian retina and hence, may serve as a potential target for cellular manipulation for treating retinal degeneration

COLORECTAL CANCER AND ITS RISK FACTORS AMONG PATIENTS ATTENDING A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL IN SOUTHERN KARNATAKA, INDIA

Objective: To determine the association between certain socio-demographic and life style factors with colorectal cancer.Methods: This case-control study was conducted using a pre-designed questionnaire among 100 incident colorectal cancer patients and 200 unmatched controls attending a tertiary care hospital in southern Karnataka. Cases and the controls were interviewed and details regarding their socio-demographic factors were collected. Information on lifestyle factors such as dietary habits, physical activity levels and substance use were documented. They were also assessed for presence of existing co-morbidities and family history of colorectal and other cancers. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to determine the association between various risk factors and colorectal cancer.Results: In the present hospital based study, mean age of the participants was less than 55 years. Sixty three percent of the cases and 54.5% of the controls were males. On multivariable analysis age ≥50years (OR=1.87; 95%CI=1.02-3.45), low physical activity (OR=5.66; 95%CI=3.10-10.34) and low frequency of fruits consumption (OR=4.10; 95%CI=2.21-7.50) and hypertension (OR= 4.65; 95% CI=1.32-16.44) showed a positive association with colorectal cancer.Conclusion: Promoting healthy dietary practices and physical activity among the middle aged population appears to be significant in the context of colorectal cancer prevention in the Indian subcontinent.Keywords: Colorectal cancer, Case–control, Risk factors, Lifestyle, Comorbidities

Accountability for Practical Reasoning Agents

Postprin

Primary hyperparathyroidism caused by parathyroid-targeted overexpression of cyclin D1 in transgenic mice

The relationship between abnormal cell proliferation and aberrant control of hormonal secretion is a fundamental and poorly understood issue in endocrine cell neoplasia. Transgenic mice with parathyroid-targeted overexpression of the cyclin D1 oncogene, modeling a gene rearrangement found in human tumors, were created to determine whether a primary defect in this cell-cycle regulator can cause an abnormal relationship between serum calcium and parathyroid hormone response, as is typical of human primary hyperparathyroidism. We also sought to develop an animal model of hyperparathyroidism and to examine directly cyclin D1’s role in parathyroid tumorigenesis. Parathyroid hormone gene regulatory region–cyclin D1 (PTH–cyclin D1) mice not only developed abnormal parathyroid cell proliferation, but also developed chronic biochemical hyperparathyroidism with characteristic abnormalities in bone and, notably, a shift in the relationship between serum calcium and PTH. Thus, this animal model of human primary hyperparathyroidism provides direct experimental evidence that overexpression of the cyclin D1 oncogene can drive excessive parathyroid cell proliferation and that this proliferative defect need not occur solely as a downstream consequence of a defect in parathyroid hormone secretory control by serum calcium, as had been hypothesized. Instead, primary deregulation of cell-growth pathways can cause both the hypercellularity and abnormal control of hormonal secretion that are almost inevitably linked together in this common disorder

Exceptional Hyperthyroidism and a Role for both Major Histocompatibility Class I and Class II Genes in a Murine Model of Graves' Disease

Autoimmune hyperthyroidism, Graves' disease, can be induced by immunizing susceptible strains of mice with adenovirus encoding the human thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) or its A-subunit. Studies in two small families of recombinant inbred strains showed that susceptibility to developing TSHR antibodies (measured by TSH binding inhibition, TBI) was linked to the MHC region whereas genes on different chromosomes contributed to hyperthyroidism. We have now investigated TSHR antibody production and hyperthyroidism induced by TSHR A-subunit adenovirus immunization of a larger family of strains (26 of the AXB and BXA strains). Analysis of the combined AXB and BXA families provided unexpected insight into several aspects of Graves' disease. First, extreme thyroid hyperplasia and hyperthyroidism in one remarkable strain, BXA13, reflected an inability to generate non-functional TSHR antibodies measured by ELISA. Although neutral TSHR antibodies have been detected in Graves' sera, pathogenic, functional TSHR antibodies in Graves' patients are undetectable by ELISA. Therefore, this strain immunized with A-subunit-adenovirus that generates only functional TSHR antibodies may provide an improved model for studies of induced Graves' disease. Second, our combined analysis of linkage data from this and previous work strengthens the evidence that gene variants in the immunoglobulin heavy chain V region contribute to generating thyroid stimulating antibodies. Third, a broad region that encompasses the MHC region on mouse chomosome 17 is linked to the development of TSHR antibodies (measured by TBI). Most importantly, unlike other strains, TBI linkage in the AXB and BXA families to MHC class I and class II genes provides an explanation for the unresolved class I/class II difference in humans

A Review of Interventions to Reduce Mechanical Restraint and Seclusion among Adult Psychiatric Inpatients

Objective: This review examines nature and effectiveness of interventions to reduce the use of mechanical restraint and seclusion among adult psychiatric inpatients. Method: Electronic searches were conducted to locate post-1960 empirical studies of restraint and seclusion reduction in English. A total of 36 studies were identified, mostly from the USA. Analysis was conducted using a structured data extraction tool. Results: The majority of studies reported reduced levels or mechanical restraint and/or seclusion, but the standard of evidence was poor. There were no randomised trials. Most were retrospective studies of official records before and after the intervention was introduced, with varying follow-up periods. The interventions were diverse, but tended to include one or more of the following: new restraint and/or seclusion policies, staffing changes, staff training, review procedures and crisis management initiatives. The research was unable to address which of these elements was most effective. There was also evidence that some improved outcomes were achieved by substituting restraint or seclusion for each other or for alternatives forms of containment (medication in particular). Nurses’ attitudes, skills and approach to patient care were absent from the literature. Conclusions: Interventions probably can reduce the use of restraint and seclusion, but better designed research is required to demonstrate their effectiveness conclusively. More attention should also be paid to understanding how interventions work, particularly from the perspective of nursing staff. This is essential to the successful implementation of restraint and seclusion interventions across different psychiatric settings and treatment populations