Conflict of Norms in the Brazilian Bankruptcy Law

[extract] In 2005, Brazil implemented a new Bankruptcy Law (Law No. 11.101, dated February 9, 2005), modeled largely after the Title 11 of the United States Code, also known as the United States Bankruptcy Code.The current Brazilian system provides three alternatives for insolvent legal entities: (i) judicial reorganization, a court-supervised reorganization proceeding; (ii) bankruptcy, a court-supervised liquidation proceeding; and (iii) extrajudicial reorganization, an out-of-court reorganization proceeding.The possibility of recovery of an activity momentarily in crisis, with the possibility of implementing a corporate restructuring plan, renegotiation of liabilities with creditors and business continuity was undoubtedly the innovative point of the Law.Unfortunately, the Brazilian Bankruptcy Law embodies within itself serious contradictions – legal antinomies – which prevent the fulfillment of the objective of the Law. One of the most serious antinomies is the conflict between Article 47 and Article 49, Paragraph 3. This antinomy has the potential to impair the judicial recovery of the economically viable company. For this reason, this antinomy must be widely discussed, as well as the cause and the nature of this conflict of norms

Influência de gesso agrícola e modelos de produção na estabilidade de agregados.

Orientador: José Eloir Denardin

Ocorrência de contaminantes em sementes e grãos de soja armazenados em diversas regiões brasileiras.

Os contaminantes comprometem a qualidade das sementes e dos grãos de soja. Eles podem vir da lavoura e da armazenagem, sendo caracterizados pela presença de material inerte, insetos e seus fragmentos, fungos de campo e de armazenagem e micotoxinas. O objetivo do trabalho foi de determinar os contaminantes em sementes e grãos de soja, armazenados em diferentes regiões do país. Os levantamentos foram realizados em armazéns em seis locais, no RS (Espumoso), PR (Palotina, Londrina e Mandaguari), SP (Orlândia) e MT (Alto Garças). Foram realizadas cinco amostragens em nov/2008, junho e nov/2009, junho e nov/2010. Em cada amostragem, foram coletadas quatro amostras de 1,0 kg de grãos e quatro amostras de 1,0 kg de sementes. Foram realizadas as análises de patologia de sementes, infestação por insetos e quantificação de micotoxinas. Foram detectadas as seguintes espécies de insetos: Ephestia spp., Sitophilus oryzae, Cryptolestes ferrugineos, Rhyzopertha dominica, Tribolium castaneum, Liposcelides bostrychophila, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, Lasioderma serricorne, Ahasveus advena e Laphocateres pusillus, esta última, relatada pela primeira vez no Brasil. A maior incidência de infestação ocorreu com S. oryzae, seguido de Ephestia spp. e R. dominica, destacando-se a ocorrência de L. serricorne, que passou a ser uma praga importante no armazenamento de soja no Brasil. Dentre as micotoxinas, foi detectada apenas a presença de Aflatoxina B1, em amostras de grãos provenientes de duas regiões do PR. A ocorrência dessa micotoxina é justificada pelos elevados índices de grãos infectados por Aspergillus flavus. Outros fungos como Fusarium semitectum, Phomopsis sp., Cercospora kikuchii, Macrophomina sp. foram detectados, porém com menor intensidade. Vale destacar que a ocorrência de insetos, fungos e micotoxinas foi sempre mais elevada nas amostras de grãos em relação às de sementes

Ocorrência de contaminantes em sementes e grãos de soja armazenados em diferentes regiões brasileiras no período de 2008-2010.

Os contaminantes comprometem a qualidade das sementes e dos grãos de soja. Eles podem vir da lavoura ou surgirem durante a armazenagem, sendo caracterizados pela presença de material inerte, insetos e seus fragmentos, fungos de campo e de armazenagem e micotoxinas. O objetivo do trabalho foi de determinar a ocorrência de contaminantes em sementes e grãos de soja, armazenados em diferentes regiões do país. Foram realizados levantamentos em armazéns de grãos e de sementes de soja em seis locais, nos Estados do Rio Grande do Sul (Espumoso), do Paraná (Palotina, Londrina e Mandaguari), de São Paulo (Orlândia) e do Mato Grosso (Alto Garças). Foram realizadas cinco amostragens, efetuadas em novembro/2008, junho/2009, novembro/2009, junho/2010 e novembro/2010. Também foram realizadas análises visando à determinação da presença e quantificação de micotoxinas, como: aflatoxinas (B1, B2, G1 e G2); ocratoxina A; zearalenona; e tricotecenos (nivalenol-NIV e dioxinivalenol-DON). Na soja armazenada foram detectadas as espécies de insetos Ephestia spp., Sitophilus oryzae, Cryptolestes ferrugineos, Rhyzopertha dominica, Tribolium castaneum, Liposcelides bostrychophila, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, Lasioderma serricorne, Ahasveus advena e Lophocateres pusillus. O principal fungo presente nas amostras foi Aspergillus flavus, embora outras espécies também ocorreram, como Fusarium semitectum, Phomopsis sp., Cercospora kikuchii, Macrophomina sp. Entre as micotoxinas, apenas a aflatoxina B1 foi detectada nas amostras analisadas

The first 62 AGN observed with SDSS-IV MaNGA - IV: gas excitation and star-formation rate distributions

We present maps of the ionized gas flux distributions, excitation, star-formation rate SFR, surface mass density $\Sigma_{H+}$, and obtain total values of SFR and ionized gas masses {\it M} for 62 Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) observed with SDSS-IV MaNGA and compare them with those of a control sample of 112 non-active galaxies. The most luminous AGN -- with L(\rm{[OIII]}\lambda 5007) \ge 3.8\times 10^{40}\,\mbox{erg}\,\mbox{s}^{-1}, and those hosted by earlier-type galaxies are dominated by Seyfert excitation within 0.2 effective radius $R_e$ from the nucleus, surrounded by LINER excitation or transition regions, while the less luminous and hosted by later-type galaxies show equally frequent LINER and Seyfert excitation within $0.2\,R_e$. The extent $R$ of the region ionized by the AGN follows the relation $R\propto\,L(\rm{[OIII]})^{0.5}$ -- as in the case of the Broad-Line Region. The SFR distribution over the region ionized by hot stars is similar for AGN and controls, while the integrated SFR -- in the range $10^{-3}-10$\,M$_\odot$\,yr$^{-1}$ is also similar for the late-type sub-sample, but higher in the AGN for 75\% of the early-type sub-sample. We thus conclude that there is no signature of AGN quenching star formation in the body of the galaxy in our sample. We also find that 66\% of the AGN have higher ionized gas masses $M$ than the controls -- in the range 10$^5-3\times10^7$\,M$_\odot$ -- while 75\% of the AGN have higher $\Sigma_{H+}$ within $0.2\,R_e$ than the control galaxies

Unveiling the impact of the effective particles distribution on strengthening mechanisms: A multiscale characterization of Mg+Y2O3 nanocomposites

International audienceMost models used to account for the hardening of nanocomposites only consider a global volume fraction of particles which is a simplified indicator that overlooks the particles size and spatial distribution. The current study aims at quantifying the effect of the real experimental particles spatial and size distribution on the strengthening of a magnesium based nanocomposites reinforced with Y 2 O 3 particles processed by Friction Stir Processing (FSP). X-ray tomographic 3-D images allowed to identify the best FSP parameters for the optimum nanocomposite. A detailed analysis indicates that the observed hardening is mainly due to Orowan strengthening and the generation of geometrically necessary dislocations (GND) due to thermal expansion coefficients (CTE) mismatch between magnesium and Y 2 O 3 particles. A multiscale characterization coupling 3D X-ray laboratory, synchrotron nanoholotomography and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has been used to investigate particles size and spatial distribution over four orders of magnitude in length scales. Two dedicated micromechanical models for the two strengthening mechanisms are applied on the experimental particle fields taking into account the real particles size and spatial distribution, and compared to classical models based on average data. This required to develop a micromechanical model for CTE mismatch hardening contribution. This analysis reveals that the contribution from CTE mismatch is decreased by a factor two when taking into account the real distribution of particles instead of an average volume fraction

The first 62 AGN observed with SDSS-IV MaNGA -- III: stellar and gas kinematics

We investigate the effects of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) on the gas kinematics of their host galaxies, using MaNGA data for a sample of 62 AGN hosts and 109 control galaxies (inactive galaxies). We compare orientation of the line of nodes (kinematic Position Angle - PA) measured from the gas and stellar velocity fields for the two samples. We found that AGN hosts and control galaxies display similar kinematic PA offsets between gas and stars. However, we note that AGN have larger fractional velocity dispersion $\sigma$ differences between gas and stars [$\sigma_{frac}=(\sigma_{\rm gas}-\sigma_{stars})/\sigma_{\rm stars}$] when compared to their controls, as obtained from the velocity dispersion values of the central (nuclear) pixel (2.5" diameter). The AGN have a median value of $\sigma_{\rm frac}$ of $_{\rm AGN}=0.04$, while the the median value for the control galaxies is $_{\rm CTR}=-0.23$. 75% of the AGN show $\sigma_{frac}>-0.13$, while 75% of the normal galaxies show $\sigma_{\rm frac}<-0.04$, thus we suggest that the parameter $\sigma_{\rm frac}$ can be used as an indicative of AGN activity. We find a correlation between the [OIII]$\lambda$5007 luminosity and $\sigma_{frac}$ for our sample. Our main conclusion is that the AGN already observed with MaNGA are not powerful enough to produce important outflows at galactic scales, but at 1-2 kpc scales, AGN feedback signatures are always present on their host galaxies.Comment: 19 pages, 8 figures, published in MNRA

Leaf-Level Field Spectroscopy to Discriminate Invasive Species (Psidium guajava L. and Hovenia dulcis Thunb.) from Native Tree Species in the Southern Brazilian Atlantic Forest

Invasive species are known to have potential advantages over the native community and can be expressed in their leaf functional traits. Thus, leaf-level traits with spectral reflectance can provide valuable insights for distinguishing invasive trees from native trees in complex forest environments. We conducted field spectroscopy measurements in a subtropical area, where we also collected trait data for 12 functional traits of invasive (Psidium guajava and Hovenia dulcis), and native species (Psidium cattleianum and Luehea divaricata). We found that photosynthetic pigments were responsible for the greatest interspecific variability, especially in the green region of the spectrum at 550 nm, therefore contributing to detection of invasive species. In addition, according to LDA and stepwise procedures, the most informative reflectance spectra were concentrated in the visible range that is closely related to pigment absorption features. Furthermore, we aimed to understand the leaf optical properties of the target invasive species by using a combination of narrow bands and linear regression models. P. guajava showed high correlations with specific leaf area, Car/Chl and relative water content. H. dulcis had a strong correlation with water content, specific leaf area and Chla/Chlb. Overall, this methodology proved to be appropriate for discriminating invasive trees, although parameterization by species is necessary