Breeding behaviour in Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man)

During the course of experimentations on the inducement of breeding in Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man) under laboratory conditions, detailed observations on the mating behaviour of the species have been made, which have been elaborated in this account. Various behaviour patterns have been analysed critically and the probable directive and releasive factors for these behaviour patterns discussed. Differences in behaviour of the male resulting from the introduction of another mature male in the arena have been described. An aberrant displacement activity which has been observed in one of the males has also been discussed

Die Rolle der einzelnen Untereinheiten beim Schalten des durch Hyperpolarisation aktivierten und durch zyklische Nucleotide modulierten (HCN) Kanals

Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-modulated (HCN) channels are tetramers that elicit electrical rhythmicity in special brain neurons and cardiomyocytes. These channels are non-selective cationic channels which are activated by hyperpolarizing voltages and modulated by the binding of adenosine 3, 5 -cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) to the four cyclic nucleotidebinding domains (CNBD). The binding of cAMP shifts steady-state activation to more positive voltages, thereby accelerating the activation and increasing the current along with a slowing effect on deactivation. Inspite of knowing the structure of the isolated CNBDs by crystals and X-ray analysis and very recent insights into the HCN1 structure by cryo-electron microscopy, many questions on the function of these channels remain open. In particular, how the successive binding of four cyclic nucleotides is transmitted to change the operation of the channels and how the two stimuli,hyperpolarization and cAMP binding, are interlinked. So, the aim of this work was to study the role of individual subunits in the ligand (cAMP)-dependent activation and deactivation process of HCN2 channels with the help of patch-clamp technique and Xenopus laevis oocytes as an expression system. This project was focused to analyze the effects of cAMP binding to the subunits of HCN2 concatameric channels with a defined number of functional CNBDs. It was found that each liganded CNBD promotes channel activation in an additive manner irrespective of their position within the tetramer. In contrast, the open probability reached its maximum already when only two subunits were liganded. However, the process of deactivation was differently influenced by cAMP binding. Liganding of four, three, or at least two CNBDs in trans position slowed the deactivation process, whereas channels with either two functional CNBDs in cis position or with a single functional subunit were ineffective to decelerate the deactivation process. Together the results showed herein support an activation mechanism in which each single liganded CNBD (out of four) supports channel opening by causing a turning momentum on the tetrameric intracellular gating ring, thereby stabilizing the open pore. For maintaining activation, however, at least two subunits in trans position are needed to be liganded.Durch Hyperpolarisation aktivierte und zyklische Nukleotide modulierte (HCN-) Kanäle sind Tetramere, die die elektrische Rhythmizität in spezialisierten Neuronen und Herzzellen vermitteln. Sie sind nicht-selektive Kationenkanäle, die durch Hyperpolarisation geöffnet und durch die Bindung von zyklischem Adenosinmonophosphat (cAMP) an vier intrazelluläre Bindungsstellen (CNBDs) moduliert werden. Die Bindung von cAMP führt zu einer Verschiebung der Gleichgewichts-Aktivierung zu positiveren Spannungen, zu einer Beschleunigung der Aktivierung, zu einer Zunahme der Stromamplitude bei sättigender Hyperpolarisation sowie zu einer Verlangsamung der Deaktivierung. Trotz der Aufklärung der Struktur isolierter Bindungsstellen, sowie eines gesamten HCN-Kanals durch Röntgenstrukturanalyse bzw. Cryo-Elektronenmikroskopie, bleiben viele Fragen bezüglich des Kanalverhaltens offen. Dazu gehört die Frage, wie die Bindung der zyklischen Nukleotide in eine Konformationsänderung der Pore übersetzt wird und wie die beiden Stimuli Spannung und cAMP zusammenwirken. Ziel dieser Studie war es daher, die Rolle der individuellen Untereinheiten in der ligandenabhängigen Kanalaktivierung und –deaktivierung mit Hilfe der Patch-Clamp-Technik unter Verwendung von Xenopus laevis-Oozyten als heterologem Expressionssystem zu untersuchen. Dabei lag der Fokus auf der Analyse des cAMP-abhängigen Schaltens in konkatenierten HCN2-Kanälen mit einer definierten Anzahl funktioneller Bindungsstellen. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass jede ligandierte Bindungsstelle die Kanalaktivierung fördert und in einer additiven Weise zur cAMP-abhängigen Verschiebung der halbmaximalen Spannung beiträgt. Dabei spielt die Position innerhalb des Tetramers keine Rolle. Die maximale Offenwahrscheinlichkeit dagegen wurde bereits durch die Ligandierung von nur zwei Bindungsstellen erreicht. Auch in diesem Fall war die Position der zwei besetzten Bindungsstellen im Tetramer nicht relevant. Im Fall der Deaktivierung ist dagegen die Position der Besetzung wichtig: Nur die Ligandierung von vier, drei oder zwei Bindungsstellen in trans-Position konnte die Deaktivierung verlangsamen. Die Besetzung von zwei Bindungsstellen in cis-Position bzw. von nur einer Bindungsstelle blieb wirkungslos. Zusammenfassend unterstützen die vorliegenden Ergebnisse einen Aktivierungsmechanismus, in dem jede einzelne ligandierte Bindungsstelle die Öffnung des Kanals begünstigt, indem eine Drehbewegung im intrazellulären Gatingringbewirkt wird, die den offenen Zustand des Kanals stabilisiert. Die Beibehaltung dieses offenen Zustandes erfordert mindestens zwei ligandierte Bindungsstellen in trans-Position

Attribute Selection Algorithm with Clustering based Optimization Approach based on Mean and Similarity Distance

With hundreds or thousands of attributes in high-dimensional data, the computational workload is challenging. Attributes that have no meaningful influence on class predictions throughout the classification process increase the computing load. This article's goal is to use attribute selection to reduce the size of high-dimensional data, which will lessen the computational load. Considering selected attribute subsets that cover all attributes. As a result, there are two stages to the process: filtering out superfluous information and settling on a single attribute to stand in for a group of similar but otherwise meaningless characteristics. Numerous studies on attribute selection, including backward and forward selection, have been undertaken. This experiment and the accuracy of the categorization result recommend a k-means based PSO clustering-based attribute selection. It is likely that related attributes are present in the same cluster while irrelevant attributes are not identified in any clusters. Datasets for Credit Approval, Ionosphere, Annealing, Madelon, Isolet, and Multiple Attributes are employed alongside two other high-dimensional datasets. Both databases include the class label for each data point. Our test demonstrates that attribute selection using k-means clustering may be done to offer a subset of characteristics and that doing so produces classification outcomes that are more accurate than 80%

Characterization of maximum hands-off control

Maximum hands-off control aims to maximize the length of time over which zero actuator values are applied to a system when executing specified control tasks. To tackle such problems, recent literature has investigated optimal control problems which penalize the size of the support of the control function and thereby lead to desired sparsity properties. This article gives the exact set of necessary conditions for a maximum hands-off optimal control problem using an $L_0$-(semi)norm, and also provides sufficient conditions for the optimality of such controls. Numerical example illustrates that adopting an $L_0$ cost leads to a sparse control, whereas an $L_1$-relaxation in singular problems leads to a non-sparse solution.Comment: 6 page

Conformal Printed Log Periodic Microstrip Antenna Array for Triple Band Applications

In this paper, a conformal Printed Log periodic microstrip antenna (LPMA) is proposed for sub-6 GHz (triple band) applications. This antenna consists of twelve rectangular patch elements along with microstrip feed line and those are fabricated on a polyimide substrate with dielectric constant value of 3.3. The adaptability of the antenna is shown by bending the LPMA horizontally and vertically across the angle of 300, 450 and 600. The execution of the antenna is analysed in terms of its return loss, Gain, H-E plane patterns and efficiency. The designed antenna is capable of operating with the resonant frequencies 2.4 GHz, 4 GHz and 5.9 GHz with the gain of 8.2, 8.9&7.5 dBi respectively, providing voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) < 2. Using CST software the designed antenna designed, simulated and the estimated results are in great concurrence with the simulation results

Hepatoprotective and antioxidant capacity of Melochia corchorifolia extracts

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate hepato protective and antioxidant capacity of Melochia corchorifolia (M. corchorifolia) aerial part extracts.MethodsAntioxidant activity was evaluated by using three free radicals (Superoxide, Hydroxyl and DPPH) and hepatoprotective activity was assessed against CCl4 induced liver intoxication in rats.ResultsThe extracts produced concentration dependent percentage protection in decrease of serum enzymes and percentage inhibition on free radicals. Among all extracts methanol extract showed better activity with percentage protection of SGOT (78.98%), SGPT (79.65%), ALP (82.48%) and total bilirubin (80.0%) levels against CCl4 liver intoxication and also methanolic extract showed better activity with IC50 values on superoxide, hydroxyl and DPPH radicals were 127 μ g, 240 μ g and 179 μ g.ConclusionsFrom the results obtained during the study it could be concluded that M. corchorifolia aerial part extracts have antioxidant and hepatoprotective components. Further study is necessary for isolation and characterization of bioactive molecules which are responsible for hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity

Suspicious Call Detection and Mitigation Using Conversational AI

Spam or scam calls and messages are an annoyance, pose security risks, and can harm users that fall prey to calls that request money transfer or other action. Detection of such calls is difficult as scammers evade detection through tactics such as changing numbers they call from, modifying the call script, etc. While some smartphone applications can detect such calls or text based on caller ID, call origination, etc., such techniques cannot easily adapt to new scams. This disclosure describes the use of a conversational AI model to detect suspicious calls. The conversational AI model is trained on a dataset of spam/scam calls and other calls to detect spam/scam calls. With user permission, when the user receives a call from an unknown number, call content is automatically transcribed and analyzed in real time to determine if the call is likely suspicious. When such a call is detected, alerts are provided to the user to ensure that the user does not share sensitive information. If the user permits, a conversational AI agent based on the conversational AI model can answer the call and conduct a conversation with such a caller without user intervention. The use of conversational AI to detect spam can reduce the number of spam calls. The conversational AI agent can be trained to adapt to new strategies employed by spam callers

Simulation of Unified Power Quality Conditioner for Power Quality Improvement Using Fuzzy Logic and Neural Networks

One of the major concerns in electricity industry today is power quality. It becomes especially important with the introduction of advanced and complicated devices, whose performance is very sensitive to the quality of power supply. The electronic devices are very sensitive to disturbances and thus industrial loads become less tolerant to power quality problems such as voltage dips, voltage sags, voltage flickers, harmonics and load unbalance etc. At present, a wide range of very flexible controllers, which capitalize on newly available power electronics components, are emerging for custom power applications. Among these, the distribution static compensator, dynamic voltage restorer and unified power quality conditioner which is based on the VSC principle are used for power quality improvement. In this project, a fuzzy logic controller with reference signal generation method is designed for UPQC and compared its performance with artificial neural network based controller. This is used to compensate current and voltage quality problems of sensitive loads. The results are analyzed and presented using matlab/simulink software . Keywords: power quality, upqc, voltage sag, fuzzy logic controller, neural network