Impact of local stacking on the graphene-impurity interaction: theory and experiments

We investigate the graphene-impurity interaction problem by combining experimental - scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and spectroscopy (STS) - and theoretical - Anderson impurity model and density functional theory (DFT) calculations - techniques. We use graphene on the SiC(000-1)(2x2)_C reconstruction as a model system. The SiC substrate reconstruction is based on silicon adatoms. Graphene mainly interacts with the dangling bonds of these adatoms which act as impurities. Graphene grown on SiC(000-1)(2x2)_C shows domains with various orientations relative to the substrate so that very different local graphene/Si adatom stacking configurations can be probed on a given grain. The position and width of the adatom (impurity) state can be analyzed by STM/STS and related to its local environment owing to the high bias electronic transparency of graphene. The experimental results are compared to Anderson's model predictions and complemented by DFT calculations for some specific local environments. We conclude that the adatom resonance shows a smaller width and a larger shift toward the Dirac point for an adatom at the center of a graphene hexagon than for an adatom just on top of a C graphene atom.Comment: 13 pages, 6 figures, Accepted for publication in Phys. Rev.

A compact design for the Josephson mixer: the lumped element circuit

We present a compact and efficient design in terms of gain, bandwidth and dynamical range for the Josephson mixer, the superconducting circuit performing three-wave mixing at microwave frequencies. In an all lumped-element based circuit with galvanically coupled ports, we demonstrate non degenerate amplification for microwave signals over a bandwidth up to 50 MHz for a power gain of 20 dB. The quantum efficiency of the mixer is shown to be about 70$\%$ and its saturation power reaches $-112$ dBm.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure

Graphene on the C-terminated SiC (000 1ˉ\bar{1}) surface: An ab initio study

The atomic and electronic structures of a graphene layer on top of the $(2\times2)$ reconstruction of the SiC (000$\bar{1}$) surface are studied from ab initio calculations. At variance with the (0001) face, no C bufferlayer is found here. Si adatoms passivate the substrate surface so that the very first C layer presents a linear dispersion characteristic of graphene. A small graphene-substrate interaction remains in agreement with scanning tunneling experiments (F.Hiebel et al. {\it Phys. Rev. B} {\bf 78} 153412 (2008)). The stacking geometry has little influence on the interaction which explains the rotational disorder observed on this face.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, additional materia

Differences in the factor structure of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire in Northern Irish children.

This study presents the psychometric properties of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) in a sample of 386 Northern Irish adolescents. Structural validity was evaluated by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Agreement was found with 3 of the 5 original factor structures: Emotional Problems, Prosocial, and Hyperactivity. However, unlike in the original SDQ, there appeared to be 2 distinct and separate Conduct factors, an Aggressive Conduct and an Antisocial Conduct factor. Furthermore, there appeared to be a Good Behavior factor, which is not present in the original factor structure. The findings imply that when using the SDQ with children and adolescents exposed to community and political conflict, results should be interpreted with caution. Further research is warranted to explore the reliability of the original factor structure with these young people who experience unique developmental trajectories compared with their peers who do not grow up in such an environment

Quasiparticle Chirality in Epitaxial Graphene Probed at the Nanometer Scale

Graphene exhibits unconventional two-dimensional electronic properties resulting from the symmetry of its quasiparticles, which leads to the concepts of pseudospin and electronic chirality. Here we report that scanning tunneling microscopy can be used to probe these unique symmetry properties at the nanometer scale. They are reflected in the quantum interference pattern resulting from elastic scattering off impurities, and they can be directly read from its fast Fourier transform. Our data, complemented by theoretical calculations, demonstrate that the pseudospin and the electronic chirality in epitaxial graphene on SiC(0001) correspond to the ones predicted for ideal graphene.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, minor change

The effect of metapopulation processes on the spatial scale of adaptation across an environmental gradient

We show that the butterfly Aricia agestis (Lycaenidae) is adapted to its thermal environment in via integer changes in the numbers of generations per year (voltinism): it has two generations per year in warm habitats and one generation per year in cool habitats in north Wales (UK). Voltinism is an “adaptive peak” since individuals having an intermediate number of generations per year would fail to survive the winter, and indeed no populations showed both voltinism types in nature. In spite of this general pattern, 11% of populations apparently possess the “wrong” voltinism for their local environment, and population densities were lower in thermally intermediate habitat patches. Population dynamic data and patterns of genetic differentiation suggest that adaptation occurs at the metapopulation level, with local populations possessing the voltinism type appropriate for the commonest habitat type within each population network. When populations and groups of populations go extinct, they tend to be replaced by colonists from the commonest thermal environment nearby, even if this is the locally incorrect adaptation. Our results illustrate how stochastic population turnover can impose a limit on local adaptation over distances many times larger than predicted on the basis of normal dispersal movements

Major patterns in the introgression history of Heliconius butterflies

Gene flow between species, although usually deleterious, is an important evolutionary process that can facilitate adaptation and lead to species diversification. It also makes estimation of species relationships difficult. Here, we use the full-likelihood multispecies coalescent (MSC) approach to estimate species phylogeny and major introgression events in Heliconius butterflies from whole-genome sequence data. We obtain a robust estimate of species branching order among major clades in the genus, including the 'melpomene-silvaniform' group, which shows extensive historical and ongoing gene flow. We obtain chromosome-level estimates of key parameters in the species phylogeny, including species divergence times, present-day and ancestral population sizes, as well as the direction, timing, and intensity of gene flow. Our analysis leads to a phylogeny with introgression events that differ from those obtained in previous studies. We find that Heliconius aoede most likely represents the earliest-branching lineage of the genus and that 'silvaniform' species are paraphyletic within the melpomene-silvaniform group. Our phylogeny provides new, parsimonious histories for the origins of key traits in Heliconius, including pollen feeding and an inversion involved in wing pattern mimicry. Our results demonstrate the power and feasibility of the full-likelihood MSC approach for estimating species phylogeny and key population parameters despite extensive gene flow. The methods used here should be useful for analysis of other difficult species groups with high rates of introgression

Electron states of mono- and bilayer graphene on SiC probed by STM

We present a scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) study of a gently-graphitized 6H-SiC(0001) surface in ultra high vacuum. From an analysis of atomic scale images, we identify two different kinds of terraces, which we unambiguously attribute to mono- and bilayer graphene capping a C-rich interface. At low temperature, both terraces show $(\sqrt{3}\times \sqrt{3})$ quantum interferences generated by static impurities. Such interferences are a fingerprint of $\pi$-like states close to the Fermi level. We conclude that the metallic states of the first graphene layer are almost unperturbed by the underlying interface, in agreement with recent photoemission experiments (A. Bostwick et al., Nature Physics 3, 36 (2007))Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures submitte

ERVWE1 (endogenous retroviral family W, Env(C7), member 1)

Review on ERVWE1 (endogenous retroviral family W, Env(C7), member 1), with data on DNA, on the protein encoded, and where the gene is implicated