Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London
Abstract
We show that the butterfly Aricia agestis (Lycaenidae) is adapted to its
thermal environment in via integer changes in the numbers of generations per year
(voltinism): it has two generations per year in warm habitats and one generation per
year in cool habitats in north Wales (UK). Voltinism is an “adaptive peak” since
individuals having an intermediate number of generations per year would fail to
survive the winter, and indeed no populations showed both voltinism types in nature.
In spite of this general pattern, 11% of populations apparently possess the “wrong”
voltinism for their local environment, and population densities were lower in thermally
intermediate habitat patches. Population dynamic data and patterns of genetic
differentiation suggest that adaptation occurs at the metapopulation level, with local
populations possessing the voltinism type appropriate for the commonest habitat type
within each population network. When populations and groups of populations go
extinct, they tend to be replaced by colonists from the commonest thermal environment
nearby, even if this is the locally incorrect adaptation. Our results illustrate how
stochastic population turnover can impose a limit on local adaptation over distances
many times larger than predicted on the basis of normal dispersal movements