Spectral universality of strong shocks accelerating charged particles

As a rule, the shock compression controls the spectrum of diffusively accelerated particles. We argue that this is not so if the backreaction of these particles on the shock structure is significant. We present a self-similar solution in which the accelerated particles change the flow structure near the shock so strongly that the total shock compression may become arbitrarily large. Despite this, the energy spectrum behind the shock is close to E^{-3/2} independently of anything at all.Comment: Submitted to ApJL, 4 pages, 1 figure, uses revtex and boxedep

Modern theory of Fermi acceleration: a new challenge to plasma physics

One of the main features of astrophysical shocks is their ability to accelerate particles to extremely high energies. The leading acceleration mechanism, the diffusive shock acceleration is reviewed. It is demonstrated that its efficiency critically depends on the injection of thermal plasma into acceleration which takes place at the subshock of the collisionless shock structure that, in turn, can be significantly smoothed by energetic particles. Furthermore, their inhomogeneous distribution provides free energy for MHD turbulence regulating the subshock strength and injection rate. Moreover, the MHD turbulence confines particles to the shock front controlling their maximum energy and bootstrapping acceleration. Therefore, the study of the MHD turbulence in a compressive plasma flow near a shock is a key to understanding of the entire process. The calculation of the injection rate became part of the collisionless shock theory. It is argued that the further progress in diffusive shock acceleration theory is impossible without a significant advance in these two areas of plasma physics.Comment: 12 pages, 4 figures, invited talk at APS/ICPP, Quebec 2000, to appear in Phys. of Plasma

Hadronic Gamma Rays from Supernova Remnants

A gas cloud near a supernova remnant (SNR) provides a target for pp-collisions leading to subsequent gamma-ray emission through neutral pion decay. The assumption of a power-law ambient spectrum of accelerated particles with index near -2 is usually built into models predicting the spectra of very-high energy (VHE) gamma-ray emission from SNRs. However, if the gas cloud is located at some distance from the SNR shock, this assumption is not necessarily correct. In this case, the particles which interact with the cloud are those leaking from the shock and their spectrum is approximately monoenergetic with the injection energy gradually decreasing as the SNR ages. In the GLAST energy range the gamma-ray spectrum resulting from particle interactions with the gas cloud will be flatter than expected, with the cutoff defined by the pion momentum distribution in the laboratory frame. We evaluate the flux of particles escaping from a SNR shock and apply the results to the VHE diffuse emission detected by the HESS at the Galactic centre.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures. Contribution to the 30th ICRC, Merida, Mexico, 2007 (final version

СУЧАСНІ ФАКТОРИ СТИМУЛЮВАННЯ РОЗВИТКУ ГРОМАДСЬКОГО ХАРЧУВАННЯ

The article reflects the problem of catering in the national economy. The characteristics and classification of catering services are presented. The modern factors of the success and those that stimulate further development of public catering are determined.В статье отражены задачи общественного питания в национальной экономике. Приведены характеристики и классификация услуг общественного питания. Определены современные факторы успешности, а также те, которые стимулируют дальнейшее развитие общественного питания.У статті відображено завдання громадського харчування у національній економіці. Наведено характеристики й класифікацію послуг громадського харчування. Визначено сучасні фактори успішності та ті, які стимулюють подальший розвиток громадського харчування

РОЛЬ І ФУНКЦІЇ ГРОМАДСЬКОГО ХАРЧУВАННЯ У НАЦІОНАЛЬНІЙ ЕКОНОМІЦІ

It is proved that public catering in the national economy plays an important role, which manifests itself through services provided by catering establishments. It is noted that it is the catering services that play two main functions, namely reproduction of a person and its socialization. It is substantiated that functions that are objectively performed by public catering establishments are not only interconnected, but also form a stable integrity, namely, the activity of catering in the national economy brings economic, social and environmental benefits and forms a multifactorial result.Доказано, что общественное питание в национальной экономике играет важную роль, которая проявляется через услуги, которые предоставляют заведения общественного питания. Отмечено, что именно услуги общественного питания играют две главные функции, а именно воспроизводства человека и его социализации. Обосновано, что функции, которые объективно выполняют заведения общественного питания, не только взаимосвязаны, но и формируют устойчивую целостность, а именно деятельность общественного питания в национальном хозяйстве приносит экономический, социальный и экологический эффект и формирует многофакторный результат.Доведено, що громадське харчування у національній економіці виконує важливу роль, яка проявляється через послуги, які надають заклади громадського харчування. Зазначено, що саме послуги громадського харчування відіграють дві головні функції, саме відтворення людини та її соціалізації. Обґрунтовано, що функції, які об’єктивно виконують заклади громадського харчування, не тільки взаємопов’язані, а й формують стійку цілісність, а саме діяльність громадського харчування у національному господарстві приносить економічний, соціальний та екологічний ефект і формує багатофакторний результат

The System of Public Catering of Ukraine: a Theoretic-Methodical Analysis of Modern and Perspective Trends of Functioning

The essence and structure of the public catering system of Ukraine are disclosed, a study on the essence of the conceptual-categorical apparatus is carried out. The statistical approach to accounting the activities of public catering facilities and its evolution are reflected. A system of indicators of activity analysis including indicators of process and result is proposed. The dynamics of quantitative and structural changes in the network of public catering facilities are analyzed and prospects of their development are planned. The dynamics of the market of public catering services and capital investments are estimated. The current peculiarities of functioning of the public catering system connected with reduction and insufficiency of the network of facilities and low market share are defined and characterized. The prospective trends of development of the Ukrainian public catering system are described using the elements of SWOT-analysis

Selective decontamination of the intestine and the interstitial electrophoresis in prevention and treatment of purulent complications in acute pancreatitis

© 2016, International Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. All rights reserved.This paper presents the methods of prevention and treatment of infectious complications in patients with acute pancreatitis. It contains literature data on bacterial translocation from the intestine into the pancreas and a parapancreatic space. At the Department of Surgery SEI CPE KSMA, 86 patients were examined for bioelectric activity of their gastrointestinal tract; the 24 patients (18 men, 6 women; 43±13 years) with an average severity on a scale of Dzhanelidze St. Petersburg Research Institute had the dynamics of the inflammatory response according to laboratory and clinical data. In case of evidence of adverse acute pancreatitis, these patients were prescribed a selective intestinal decontamination by introducing antibiotics through the probe or orally (Ciprofloxacin 500 mg 2 times a day), and 36 patients (27 men, 9 women, 44±7 years) were prescribed galvanization during intravenous antibiotic therapy with third-generation Cephalosporin (Ceftriaxone). The comparison group consisted of 26 patients (22 men, 2 women; 44±14 years) with moderate severity and 2 (2 men, 43±6 years) with high severity, who received conventional conservative treatment with intravenously administered antibiotics. According to the results, the use of selective intestinal decontamination, and galvanization of intravenously administered antibiotics in the study group reduced the frequency of purulent complications from 34.6% in the control group to 13% in the study group with a predominance of localized forms. The use of intestine decontamination and electrophoresis during antibiotic administration reduced the mortality from 15% to 10%

ОЦЕНКА АРХИТЕКТУРНО-КОМПОЗИЦИОННЫХ РЕШЕНИЙ ЗАСТРОЙКИ АГРОГОРОДКОВ

The paper is written on the basis of investigations pertaining to architectural and planning formation of urban-type agricultural township territories. 1984 agricultural townships are to be constructed in theRepublicofBelaruson the basis of the existing Village Soviet centres and large settlements within the framework of «State Programme on Revival and Development of Villages for 2005–2010» accomplishment. The paper reveals significance of separate elements of planning structure of the agricultural townships to be constructed on the basis of analysis of leading specialists’ views, consideration of design works and author’s research expeditions. Rating evaluation of the investigations is given in the paper.Статья написана по материалам научных исследований архитектурно-планировочного формирования селитебных территорий агрогородков. 1984 агрогородка создаются в Республике Беларусь на базе существующих центров сельсоветов и крупных населенных пунктов в рамках выполнения «Государственной программы возрождения и развития села на 2005–2010 гг.». По материалам изучения проектных работ, анализа мнений ведущих специалистов, экспедиционных поездок автора выявляется значимость отдельных элементов планировочной структуры строящихся агрогородков и дается их рейтинговая оценка.

Analytic Solution for Self-regulated Collective Escape of Cosmic Rays from their Acceleration Sites

Supernova remnants (SNRs), as the major contributors to the galactic cosmic rays (CR), are believed to maintain an average CR spectrum by diffusive shock acceleration (DSA) regardless of the way they release CRs into the interstellar medium (ISM). However, the interaction of the CRs with nearby gas clouds crucially depends on the release mechanism. We call into question two aspects of a popular paradigm of the CR injection into the ISM, according to which they passively and isotropically diffuse in the prescribed magnetic fluctuations as test particles. First, we treat the escaping CR and the Alfven waves excited by them on an equal footing. Second, we adopt field aligned CR escape outside the source, where the waves become weak. An exact analytic self-similar solution for a CR "cloud" released by a dimmed accelerator strongly deviates from the test-particle result. The CR diffusion coefficient $D_{NL}$ is strongly suppressed compared to its background ISM value $D_{ISM}$: $D_{NL}\sim D_{ISM}\exp(-\Pi)<< D_{ISM}$ for sufficiently high field-line-integrated CR partial pressure, $\Pi$. When $\Pi>>1$, the CRs drive Alfven waves efficiently enough to build a transport barrier that strongly reduces the leakage. The solution has a spectral break at $p=p_{br}$, where $p_{br}$ satisfies the following equation $D_{NL}(p_{br})\simeq z^{2}/t$.Comment: 6 figures, aastex, 31 page