The dream-lag effect: Selective processing of personally significant events during Rapid Eye Movement sleep, but not during Slow Wave Sleep

Incorporation of details from waking life events into Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep dreams has been found to be highest on the night after, and then 5–7 nights after events (termed, respectively, the day-residue and dream-lag effects). In experiment 1, 44 participants kept a daily log for 10 days, reporting major daily activities (MDAs), personally significant events (PSEs), and major concerns (MCs). Dream reports were collected from REM and Slow Wave Sleep (SWS) in the laboratory, or from REM sleep at home. The dream-lag effect was found for the incorporation of PSEs into REM dreams collected at home, but not for MDAs or MCs. No dream-lag effect was found for SWS dreams, or for REM dreams collected in the lab after SWS awakenings earlier in the night. In experiment 2, the 44 participants recorded reports of their spontaneously recalled home dreams over the 10 nights following the instrumental awakenings night, which thus acted as a controlled stimulus with two salience levels, high (sleep lab) and low (home awakenings). The dream-lag effect was found for the incorporation into home dreams of references to the experience of being in the sleep laboratory, but only for participants who had reported concerns beforehand about being in the sleep laboratory. The delayed incorporation of events from daily life into dreams has been proposed to reflect REM sleep-dependent memory consolidation. However, an alternative emotion processing or emotional impact of events account, distinct from memory consolidation, is supported by the finding that SWS dreams do not evidence the dream-lag effect

Использование критерия минимальной материалоемкости стержней при ограничениях по устойчивости для случая кратной критической нагрузки

As it is known, special criteria are formulated to evaluate the obtained solution of some optimization problems. In particular, we formulate a criterion that allows us to estimate the proximity of the decision on the rod of the lowest weight and the restrictions on the resistance to the minimum material-intensive for rectilinear rods for certain types of cross sections. The criterion is based on the analysis of stresses from bending moments arising from the loss of stability. If the least critical force is not a multiple, then the form of loss of stability and the corresponding diagram of moments are the only ones. At multiplicity of the least critical load there are multiple forms of loss of stability, and any of their linear combination is also its own form. To estimate the obtained solution, it is necessary to form a combination of multiple forms of buckling and the corresponding diagram of bending moments, which will serve as the basis for the use of the criterion. This paper proposes an approach that allows to determine such a combination of multiple forms, which will be the basis for the application of the criterion of proximity of the obtained solution to the minimum material-intensive.Как известно, для оценки полученного решения некоторых задач оптимизации сформулированы специальные критерии. В частности, сформулирован критерий, позволяющий оценить для прямолинейных стержней при определенных типах поперечных сечений близость решения о стержне наименьшего веса и ограничениях по устойчивости к минимально материалоемкому. Критерий основан на анализе напряжений от изгибающих моментов, возникающих при потере устойчивости. Если наименьшая критическая сила не кратная, то форма потери устойчивости и соответствующая ей эпюра моментов единственные. При кратности наименьшей критической нагрузки возникают кратные формы потери устойчивости, и любая их линейная комбинация также является собственной формой. Для оценки полученного решения необходимо сформировать комбинацию кратных форм потери устойчивости и соответствующую ей эпюру изгибающих моментов, которая и будет служить основой для использования критерия. В данной статье предлагается подход, позволяющий определять такую комбинацию кратных форм, которая станет основой для применения критерия близости полученного решения к минимально материалоемкому

Excitonic vs free-carrier spin relaxation in III-V quantum wells

Spin and population dynamics of photoexcited carriers in GaAs/AlGaAs and InGaAs/InP quantum wells is investigated from 5K to 300K, revealing transition between excitonic and free carrier spin-relaxation at intermediate temperatures. Localisation is found to prolong spin relaxation of excitons by two orders of magnitude

Spin-relaxation in an InGaAs/InP MQW

Room temperature picosecond pump-probe transmission measurements on InGaAsP/InGaAsP MQWs have shown large rotation (~40°) of probe polarisation induced by circularly polarised pump. We report low temperature investigations in a lattice matched In0.43Ga0.57As/InP MQW 8nm wide which does not reproduce this remarkable effect. Our measurements were made with an all-solid-state optical parametric oscillator tunable from 1.2 to 6µm. The non-linear crystal is periodically poled lithium niobate fabricated at Southampton, pumped synchronously by a modelocked, diode pumped Nd:YLF laser

Synchronously pumped PPLN OPO for pump and probe polarisation spectroscopy of quantum wells

Room temperature picosecond pump-probe transmission measurements on InGaAsP/InGaAsP MQWs have shown large rotation (~40°) of probe polarisation induced by circularly polarised pump and have been proposed as a mechanism for optical switching. We report low temperature investigations in a lattice matched 8nm