A Study on the Tendency of the Environmental Education in Geography Text-book of the World

1.帝国書院から翻訳出版された世界地理教科書全30巻を通読し, そのなかから国情の差と世界全域を網羅することを考慮して23ヶ国を選び, 地理教育における環境教育の一側面を捉える試みを行った.2.対象とした各国の教科書は, それぞれの国の教育制度, 教育年限, 教育事情が異なるため, 対象年令が若干異なっているが, 一部を除き大半は中等教育以上の教科書である.次代を教育する教科書という共通の基盤にたつものと理解して, 以下の調査を行い若干の知見を得た.3.各国の地理教科書から環境と人間活動とに係る環境問題に関する記述を抽出してまず記述量を把握し, 次いで記述の対象について13項目に分け, さらに42の細目に分類整理した.その結果は第1図, 第2表, 第4表に示した.4.抽出した記述量は全体で566記述, 単純な一国平均は25記述となり, 最高記述国は56記述のアメリカ合衆国であった.5.さらに記述量が多い項目第1位と第2位を基にして, 各国の特色を把握し第3表のような5グループに分類した.6. 42種に細分した記述からは, 各国それぞれの環境問題に対する関心の領域の広狭をうかがうことができるが, 最も広範にわたって記述している国は記述量でも多いアメリカ合衆国であった.7.記述量と記述細目数とを基にすると地理教育の分野で, 環境教育問題に関心を寄せている国とさほどではない国とに分かれる.関心が高い国と察知されるのは, アメリカ合衆国, フランス, オーストラリアなど10ヶ国であった.8.環境教育問題は, 執筆形式にもよるが, 単元 (章) や節を直接設けている関心が高い国は, 第5表のとおり10ヶ国見られた.9.環境教育の方法, 環境問題の中心に取り上げられている課題あるいは視点は, 国情によってIn this study, we made it clear that tendency of environmental education in the geography textbook of the world. We used textbooks in Japanese translation of each country languages and these textbooks timely published by the Teikoku-Shoin from 1979 to 1980. The method of study is as follows. The environmental problems such as natural conservation and environment, various field of industry, various kinds of industrial pollution, living environment, outdoor recreation and other things are extracted from the discription in textbooks. We counted out the number of extracted data each country and matters for investigation and made a surveyed of its character in the same time. These data was classified into thirteen groups according to the same factor and subdivided into forty two items such as protection and conservation area, pollution, natural resources, living environment, municipal waste, land development and other things. A summary of the survey is shown below. 1) The count of environmental discription in each country range from the most fifty three in U. S. A. to the lowest five in Mexco and Brazil and its average twenty five. 2) As we cannot easily compare with that each country has its own writing style of textbook, it was ten countries that take up a environmental problems by chapter or section on the textbook. 3) Each country it different from politic and economic situation, framework of society, standard of land development and living and so on. The character of each country from a point of view environmental problems and its education can be broadly classified into five group. 4) Moreover, we was classified by character of environmental education as developed country and developing country and the former may be divied into a narrow, overpopulated old country and a wide, abundant in natural resources newer country

Effectiveness of Covid-19 Vaccines in Ambulatory and Inpatient Care Settings

BACKGROUND There are limited data on the effectiveness of the vaccines against symptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) currently authorized in the United States with respect to hospitalization, admission to an intensive care unit (ICU), or ambulatory care in an emergency department or urgent care clinic. METHODS We conducted a study involving adults (≥50 years of age) with Covid-19–like illness who underwent molecular testing for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We assessed 41,552 admissions to 187 hospitals and 21,522 visits to 221 emergency departments or urgent care clinics during the period from January 1 through June 22, 2021, in multiple states. The patients’ vaccination status was documented in electronic health records and immunization registries. We used a test-negative design to estimate vaccine effectiveness by comparing the odds of a positive test for SARS-CoV-2 infection among vaccinated patients with those among unvaccinated patients. Vaccine effectiveness was adjusted with weights based on propensity-for-vaccination scores and according to age, geographic region, calendar time (days from January 1, 2021, to the index date for each medical visit), and local virus circulation. RESULTS The effectiveness of full messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccination (≥14 days after the second dose) was 89% (95% confidence interval [CI], 87 to 91) against laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection leading to hospitalization, 90% (95% CI, 86 to 93) against infection leading to an ICU admission, and 91% (95% CI, 89 to 93) against infection leading to an emergency department or urgent care clinic visit. The effectiveness of full vaccination with respect to a Covid-19–associated hospitalization or emergency department or urgent care clinic visit was similar with the BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 vaccines and ranged from 81% to 95% among adults 85 years of age or older, persons with chronic medical conditions, and Black or Hispanic adults. The effectiveness of the Ad26.COV2.S vaccine was 68% (95% CI, 50 to 79) against laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection leading to hospitalization and 73% (95% CI, 59 to 82) against infection leading to an emergency department or urgent care clinic visit. CONCLUSIONS Covid-19 vaccines in the United States were highly effective against SARS-CoV-2 infection requiring hospitalization, ICU admission, or an emergency department or urgent care clinic visit. This vaccine effectiveness extended to populations that are disproportionately affected by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: We conducted a study involving adults (≥50 years of age) with Covid-19-like illness who underwent molecular testing for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We assessed 41,552 admissions to 187 hospitals and 21,522 visits to 221 emergency departments or urgent care clinics during the period from January 1 through June 22, 2021, in multiple states. The patients' vaccination status was documented in electronic health records and immunization registries. We used a test-negative design to estimate vaccine effectiveness by comparing the odds of a positive test for SARS-CoV-2 infection among vaccinated patients with those among unvaccinated patients. Vaccine effectiveness was adjusted with weights based on propensity-for-vaccination scores and according to age, geographic region, calendar time (days from January 1, 2021, to the index date for each medical visit), and local virus circulation. Results: The effectiveness of full messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccination (≥14 days after the second dose) was 89% (95% confidence interval [CI], 87 to 91) against laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection leading to hospitalization, 90% (95% CI, 86 to 93) against infection leading to an ICU admission, and 91% (95% CI, 89 to 93) against infection leading to an emergency department or urgent care clinic visit. The effectiveness of full vaccination with respect to a Covid-19-associated hospitalization or emergency department or urgent care clinic visit was similar with the BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 vaccines and ranged from 81% to 95% among adults 85 years of age or older, persons with chronic medical conditions, and Black or Hispanic adults. The effectiveness of the Ad26.COV2.S vaccine was 68% (95% CI, 50 to 79) against laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection leading to hospitalization and 73% (95% CI, 59 to 82) against infection leading to an emergency department or urgent care clinic visit. Conclusions: Covid-19 vaccines in the United States were highly effective against SARS-CoV-2 infection requiring hospitalization, ICU admission, or an emergency department or urgent care clinic visit. This vaccine effectiveness extended to populations that are disproportionately affected by SARS-CoV-2 infection. (Funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.)

Laboratory-Confirmed COVID-19 Among Adults Hospitalized with COVID-19–Like Illness with Infection-Induced or mRNA Vaccine-Induced SARS-CoV-2 Immunity — Nine States, January–September 2021

What is already known about this topic? Previous infection with SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19 vaccination can provide immunity and protection against subsequent SARS-CoV-2 infection and illness. What is added by this report? Among COVID-19–like illness hospitalizations among adults aged ≥18 years whose previous infection or vaccination occurred 90–179 days earlier, the adjusted odds of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 among unvaccinated adults with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection were 5.49-fold higher than the odds among fully vaccinated recipients of an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine who had no previous documented infection (95% confidence interval = 2.75–10.99). What are the implications for public health practice? All eligible persons should be vaccinated against COVID-19 as soon as possible, including unvaccinated persons previously infected with SARS-CoV-2

Effectiveness of 2-Dose Vaccination with mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines Against COVID-19–Associated Hospitalizations Among Immunocompromised Adults — Nine States, January–September 2021

What is already known about this topic? Studies suggest that immunocompromised persons who receive COVID-19 vaccination might not develop high neutralizing antibody titers or be as protected against severe COVID-19 outcomes as are immunocompetent persons. What is added by this report? Effectiveness of mRNA vaccination against laboratory-confirmed COVID-19–associated hospitalization was lower (77%) among immunocompromised adults than among immunocompetent adults (90%). Vaccine effectiveness varied considerably among immunocompromised patient subgroups. What are the implications for public health practice? Immunocompromised persons benefit from COVID-19 mRNA vaccination but are less protected from severe COVID-19 outcomes than are immunocompetent persons. Immunocompromised persons receiving mRNA COVID-19 vaccines should receive 3 doses and a booster, consistent with CDC recommendations, practice nonpharmaceutical interventions, and, if infected, be monitored closely and considered early for proven therapies that can prevent severe outcomes

TATA and paused promoters active in differentiated tissues have distinct expression characteristics

Abstract Core promoter types differ in the extent to which RNA polymerase II (Pol II) pauses after initiation, but how this affects their tissue‐specific gene expression characteristics is not well understood. While promoters with Pol II pausing elements are active throughout development, TATA promoters are highly active in differentiated tissues. We therefore used a genomics approach on late‐stage Drosophila embryos to analyze the properties of promoter types. Using tissue‐specific Pol II ChIP‐seq, we found that paused promoters have high levels of paused Pol II throughout the embryo, even in tissues where the gene is not expressed, while TATA promoters only show Pol II occupancy when the gene is active. The promoter types are associated with different chromatin accessibility in ATAC‐seq data and have different expression characteristics in single‐cell RNA‐seq data. The two promoter types may therefore be optimized for different properties: paused promoters show more consistent expression when active, while TATA promoters have lower background expression when inactive. We propose that tissue‐specific genes have evolved to use two different strategies for their differential expression across tissues

Hippo Reprograms the Transcriptional Response to Ras Signaling

Hyperactivating mutations in Ras signaling are hallmarks of carcinomas. Ras signaling mediates cell fate decisions as well as proliferation during development. It is not known what dictates whether Ras signaling drives differentiation versus proliferation. Here we show that the Hippo pathway is critical for this decision. Loss of Hippo switches Ras activation from promoting cellular differentiation to aggressive cellular proliferation. Transcriptome analysis combined with genetic tests show that this excessive proliferation depends on the synergistic induction of Ras target genes. Using ChIP-nexus, we find that Hippo signaling keeps Ras targets in check by directly regulating the expression of two key downstream transcription factors of Ras signaling: the ETS-domain transcription factor Pointed and the repressor Capicua. Our results highlight how independent signaling pathways can impinge on each other at the level of transcription factors, thereby providing a safety mechanism to keep proliferation in check under normal developmental conditions.status: publishe

Additional file 4: Table S2. of Genome-wide identification of Drosophila dorso-ventral enhancers by differential histone acetylation analysis

Spreadsheet of all distal identified DV enhancers, the assigned gene and its expression in the DV mutants, H3K27ac and transcription factor ChIP enrichment, overlap with known DV enhancers and Vienna Tiles, enrichment for transcription factor motifs, and classification as high confidence enhancers (used in Fig.5). (XLSX 256 kb

Lola-I is a promoter pioneer factor that establishes de novo Pol II pausing during development

Abstract While the accessibility of enhancers is dynamically regulated during development, promoters tend to be constitutively accessible and poised for activation by paused Pol II. By studying Lola-I, a Drosophila zinc finger transcription factor, we show here that the promoter state can also be subject to developmental regulation independently of gene activation. Lola-I is ubiquitously expressed at the end of embryogenesis and causes its target promoters to become accessible and acquire paused Pol II throughout the embryo. This promoter transition is required but not sufficient for tissue-specific target gene activation. Lola-I mediates this function by depleting promoter nucleosomes, similar to the action of pioneer factors at enhancers. These results uncover a level of regulation for promoters that is normally found at enhancers and reveal a mechanism for the de novo establishment of paused Pol II at promoters