Krull Dimension of Tame Generalized Multicoil Algebras

We determine the Krull dimension of the module category of finite dimensional tame generalized multicoil algebras over an algebraically closed field, which are domestic

Unilateral Lymphangiomatous Polyp of the Palatine Tonsil in a Very Young Child: A Clinicopathologic Case Report

Childhood lymphangiomatous polyp of the palatine tonsil is a very unusual lesion found in the head and neck. Tonsillectomy has been reported to be the curative procedure of choice for this lesion. We report a case of a very young child with unilateral lymphangiomatous polyp of the palatine tonsil

Cycle-finite module categories

We describe the structure of module categories of finite dimensional algebras over an algebraically closed field for which the cycles of nonzero nonisomorphisms between indecomposable finite dimensional modules are finite (do not belong to the infinite Jacobson radical of the module category). Moreover, geometric and homological properties of these module categories are exhibited

191. Biopsja węzła wartowniczego w operacyjnym raku gruczołu piersiowego – doświadczenia własne

Do chwili obecnej w przypadku raka piersi usunięcie układu chłonnego pachy jest obowiązkowym elementem postępowania chirurgicznego. Zajęcie węzłów chłonnych w przypadku raka piersi jest jednym z czynników rokowniczych jak i wpływa na podjęcie dalszego leczenia uzupełniającego i dlatego usunięcie pachowych węzłów chłonnych jest bardzo ważnym elementem leczenia operacyjnego raka piersi. Technika biopsji węzła wartowniczego (WW) rozwinęła się w przypadkach czerniaka złośliwego skóry i ma na celu precyzyjną ocenę stanu całego dorzecza węzłów chłonnych przy użyciu barwnika Paten Blau V, radioizotopu Tc99 ręcznej sóndy gamma kamery oraz małoinwazyjnej techniki chirurgicznej.Materiał i metodaW okresie od sierpnia 1998 roku do września 2003 roku w I Oddziale Chirurgii Onkologicznej Wielkopolskiego Centrum Onkologii w Poznaniu poddano biopsji WW 400 pacjentek z operacyjnym rakiem piersi. U wszystkich chorych klinicznie nie stwierdzano powiększonych węzłów chłonnych. Wiek pacjentek wahał się od 35 do 70 lat ze średnią wieku 55,2 lat. W przeddzień operacji podawano podskórnie w okolicę guza z czterech wkłuć Nannocoloid znaczony Tc99 w stężeniu 1 mCi zawarty w 4 mililitrach roztworu. Dnia następnego rano wykonywano limfoscyntygrafię celem wykonania mappingu węzła/węzłów wartowniczych. Następnie na sali operacyjnej podawano 1 do 2 mililitrów barwnika Patent Blau V w ten sam sposób, co radiokoloid. Przy użyciu ręcznej sondy gamma kamery identyfikowano miejsce największego wychwytu znacznika w pasze (tzw. Hot, Spot), które zaznaczano. Po odsłonięciu tkanki tłuszczowej pachy uwidaczniano wybarwione drogi chłonne, wzdłuż których dokonywano identyfikację wybarwionego węzła chłonnego. Następnie przy użyciu ręcznej sondy Navigator potwierdzano największy wychwyt promieniowania nad wybarwionym węzłem, w takim przypadku powyższy węzeł chłonny uważany był jako WW i przesyłany do pracowni patologicznej. Po identyfikacji WW chora poddawana była standardowej operacji (mastectomia lub BCT) wraz z limfadenektomią pachową jako nieodłącznym elementem procedury chirurgicznej.WynikiWW udało się zidentyfikować w 97% chorych. W przypadku 7 pacjentek nie udało się odnależć WW. Z pośród chorych z definiowanym WW przerzuty stwierdzono w 20% przypadków, w pozostałej części badanej grupy WW nie zawierał komórek nowotworowych, co stanowi 80% badanej populacji. W badanej grupie chorych stwierdzono 2 przypadki wyniku fałszywie ujemnego. W większoścr przypadków (87,1%) WW występował jako pojedynczy tylko u 2 pacjentów stwierdzono podwójny węzeł chłonny a u jednej chorej WW występował jako potrójny, ogółem mnogie WW wynosiły 2,88% populacji.WnioskiBiopsja WW jest bezpieczną metodą pozwalającą na ocenę dorzecza pachowych węzłów chłonnych w operacyjnym raku piersi. Wyniki nasze potwierdzają w pełni wyniki innych badaczy w Europie i na Świecie

Doses in critical organs as limits of the total dose in the treatment of women with inoperable endometrial carcinoma

Surgery is the cornerstone of the treatments for endometrial carcinoma. However, about 20% of women must be treated with radiotherapy alone. They are patients in III FIGO stage and women in stage I and II with coexisting medical problems. The primary treatment of endometrial carcinoma is a combination of brachy-and teletherapy. During teletherapy the patients receive the total dose of 40–44 Gy to the treatment volume in pelvis with the use of the 4 beams-box technique. The second part of the treatment is intracavitary brachytherapy using two curved intrauterine applicators. The placing of the applicators in both corners of the uterus and individualized distribution of active sources in catheters make it possible to approximate the shape of isodoses to the size and shape of the uterus. On the basis of the AP and lateral radiographs with the parameters of the uterus we are able to plan the treatment according to the ICRU 38. The 50–55 Gy dose is distributed in two series with weekly intervals. We do not have much influence on the doses in the limiting organs (rectum, bladder) achived during teletherapy. Only the doses from brachytherapy can be modifed during treatment planning.Doses in critical organs are limiting factors for the administred total dose from brachy and teletherapy. Using the Target 2 Plus system enables to obtain combined isodoses from two parts of the treatment. This approach makes it possible to determine the dose in the points in the limiting organs. The doses at points of maximum exposure, as well as the modification of that dose allow us to avoid the possible complications

10. The comparison between the three – field and four-field techniques of planning of radiotherapy in prostate cancer

Purposeevaluation 3-field(3F) and 4-field(4F) planning techiniques for patients with localized prostate cancer. Materials/methods: Five patients with prostate cancer (T3N0M0) were evaluated. CT images were obtained at 5 mm increments and were transferred to CadPlan_planning_workstation. The planning target volume (PTV) was defined as prostate and seminal vesicles with 15mm margins around clinical target volume (CTV) except prostate-rectum interface where 5 mm margin was applied. CTV was defined as prostate and seminal vesicles. Following organs at risk (OAR) were outlined: rectum, bladder, right femoral head. Following 3F and 4F plans were performed: 3F with angles (0deg-120deg-240deg; 0deg-90deg-270deg) and 4F (Odeg-90deg-180deg-270deg). We also created two versions of treatment plans including of energy; 6 MV and 20 MV for Clinac2300CD. Total dose was 74 Gy. Mean total doses of thirty plans in irradiated organs at risk (rectum, bladder and righ femoral head) were compared. For PTV mean and minimum dose were criteria for comparision of treatment plans. Results: There were no significant dose differenes between evaluated plans of treatment in PTV (0.05). Because mean dose in femoral head in each treatment plan was below tolerance dose, main dose-limiting organ was rectum and bladder. Lowest mean dose 42.7 Gy in rectum was achived by application of 3F technique of 20 MV(0deg-90deg-270deg). Bladder was also spared with the same 3F technique of 20 MV, where mean dose was 45.2 Gy. Conclusions: This study showed that the, T” three-field technique (an anterior and two opposing lateral fields) provided with 20 MV is optimal and assures the lowest rectal dose

19. Does in vivo dosimetry improve quality of radiotherapy: evaluation of 1000 patient's checks

Radiotherapy is a part of a complex treatment administered to patients with cancer. It uses a radiation which is generated and processed by specialized and sophisticated equipment.Since the beginning of the 20th century the main idea of radiotherapy remained unchanged. It is based on a proven interaction between radiation and human tissues resulting in their partial or total damage. Over the years more knowledge has been gained, especially on fractionation, doses and the reactions of different tissues and organs. The new sources of radiation have begun to be used, including high energy photon end electron beam accelerators. It became evident that major advance in clinical results might be achieved by limitation of the dose strictly to the target volume (tumour) and by sparing normal tissues.The issue of critical importance was the execution of the prescribed treatment. When treatment planning with the accuracy expressed in milimmitres became possible it it had to be proved that subsequent treatments would make it possible to assure such accuracy. In-vivo dosimetry was believed to be of help in increasing the accuracy in radiotherapy. Since its aim was not to modify the treatment but only to execute it according to a prescribed schedule dosimetry should bring about only benefits when implemented in the routine workHowever, being an extensive procedure, dosimetry consumed a lot of effort. In regular work, it is difficult to imagine that each beam could be measured in-vivo for each fraction. Measurements at more than one point for one beam were only considered for special and rare procedures such as mantle fields.In the practice of radiotherapy as carried out at the Greatpoland Cancer Centre routine in-vivo dosimetry was started in 1999, first applied to the patient's head and neck, and then extended to all patients. At least two measurements for each patient were made during the whole treatment. Whenever discrepancy occurred, exceeding 10% between the calculated and measured dose, the search for its cause was initiated. The very first problem involving the implementation of our method to the routine, was the number of dosimeters required. Transporting the dosimeter from one unit to another when dosimetry was requested involved a larger error due to the instability of the detecting unit. Another problem was the staff required. At first, physicists took care of dosimetry, but then technologists were trained who are now making the majority of measurements. A protocol from each measurement is included in the patient's record and is shown for approval to the physician.For the evaluation of our method a group of 1123 patients were analysed: 850 patients with head and neck cancer, 228 with breast cancer and 45 with lung cancer. The number of measurements was at least twice as large because each patient was irradiated from more than one beam.The mean percent differences between the calculated doses and those measured in-vivo were −1.5% (Standard Deviation, SD of 7.8) for the head and neck, +3.4% (SD=4.9) for breast, and −2.4% (4.3) for the lungs.The estimation of the error usinf a total differential method for a single measurement gives the value of more than 10% (upper limit of error). However, the statistical analysis of the measurements on the whole group with nearly a normal distribution provided a more realistic error of about 6%.ConclusionsIn-vivo dosimetry is a standard procedure in conformal radiotherapy. It does not help to avoid casual and even large errors since it is not done for all beams every time. It makes it possible to reduce the mean error in whole group of patients, which in effect should lead to more effective radiotherapy

Effect of irradiation on interleukin 6 and soluble interleukin 6 receptor modified melanoma genetic vaccine

We have designed phase I/II human melanoma gene therapy clinical protocol. The aim of the study was to actively immunize HLA-A1 and/or HLA-A2-positive patients with melanoma with an admixture of irradiated autologous tumor cells and allogeneic melanoma cells genetically engineered to secrete IL-6 and sIL-6R in order to elicit or enhance specific and nonspecific antimelanoma immune responses to autologous tumor cells to eradicate distant melanoma lesions. Irradiation of autologous and allogeneic tumor cells is a key step in preparation of cellular vaccine because of two major reasons, (i) it inhibits cell proliferation which is crucial in the case of autologous cells which may form a tumor; (ii) it increases melanoma vaccine immunogenicity. The aim of the study was to estimate the optimal dose of ionizing radiation which will provide sterilization of both autologous and allogeneic melanoma cells and will ensure cytokine secretion.Human melanoma cells (Mich-1) were transduced with IL-6 and sIL-6R cDNA using double copy bicistronic retroviral vector. Parental and transduced cells were seeded at in six-well tissue culture plates and were irradiated with 10, 50, 100 and 200 Gy. Secretion of both recombinant proteins into culture was analyzed before and 24, 48,72,96 h and 6, 7, 10 and 12 days following irradiation. At the same time adherent cells were enumerated, evaluated’ for viability and proliferation. At 24, 48, 72 and 96 h postirradiation specific IL-6 and sIL-6R mRNA levels were analyzed.Irradiation of gene modified cells inhibited their proliferation in the dose dependant manner. Dose of 50 Gy sufficiently affected cell proliferation, however, for safety reasons we decided to use the dose of 100 Gy for vaccine preparation. Irradiation did not inhibit secretion of IL-6 and sIL-6R. In contrary, on a per cell basis it significantly increased their secretion which lasted 12 days postirradiation. Interestingly, we did not observe dose or time dependent differences in specific mRNA cellular levels suggesting that increased secretion of both proteins is regulated not on the transcriptional but rather on the posttranscriptional level. Taking all these facts into account we concluded that irradiation of tumor cells may provide an effective and safe approach for gene-modified vaccine preparation