Influence of Mn2+ Magnetic Ions on the Properties of Cd1 – xMnxS Thin Films Synthesized by Chemical Bath Deposition

II-VI semiconductor based ternary CdMnS compound material has received more attention due to its wide area of applications in semiconductor technology. Cd1 – xMnxS (x 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0) thin films were successfully prepared by chemical bath deposition technique on non-conducting glass substrates. Thin films were deposited at a bath temperature of 80 C and pH 11 by using the chemical bath reaction of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) and manganese chloride (MnCl2) with thiourea (NH4)2S in an aqueous solution. Further, the prepared samples were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, photoluminescence, XRD, SEM and EDAX to study the optical, structural, surface, and chemical properties. Effect of Mn2+ ions on the film thickness of Cd1 – xMnxS films was investigated using weight difference technique. The film thickness of Cd1 – xMnxS films decreases as Mn2+ ions increase in the bath solution. The polycrystalline nature with hexagonal and cubic structures of the as-deposited films was confirmed by XRD. The band gap value of the deposited films was observed to increase with increasing Mn2+ ion concentration, this might be ascribed to the fact that Cd atom was substituted by Mn atom in the CdS structure. EDAX analysis confirmed the deposition of Cd, Mn and S elements in the films. Photoluminescence spectra of Cd1 – xMnxS with different values of the composition parameter x exhibited two emission peaks with different intensities. The measurement of the electrical resistivity of Cd1 – xMnxS films was performed at room temperature using two probe methods. The variation in electrical resistivity values with compositional parameters was discussed based on deposition parameters. The investigated polycrystalline Cd1 – xMnxS thin films show promising technological applications in semiconductor industry

Thermodynamic analysis of EMISE-Water as a working pair for absorption refrigeration system

In this paper, thermodynamic analysis of novel ionic liquid 1 Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethyl sulphate (EMISE) as absorbent and water as green refrigerant for absorption refrigeration system (ARS) is performed. Thermodynamics excess properties like excess Gibbs free energy (GE), excess enthalpy (hE) and equilibrium Duhring's plot (P-T-x1) of EMISE-H2O binary mixture are assessed using non-random two liquid (NRTL) activity coefficient model for composition x1 of 0.45-1. The performance of single effect ARS with SHE are mathematically modeled and simulated by applying first and second laws (exergy analysis) of thermodynamics. Simulated results of ARS are compared with other widely used working fluids and revealed higher COP of 0.66 for EMISE-H2O in comparison to NH3-H2O but lower than LiBr-H2O. In addition, the deviation in the COP and ECOP with the generator temperatures are compared for the evaporation temperature of 5, 10, 15 C. Result showed noticeable difference between the optimum generator temperature based on COP and ECOP. This indicates the exergy analysis is used for evaluation of ARS and selection of heat source supply temperature obtained from waste heat and renewable solar energy.Scopu

Experimental Investigation of Isothermal Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium and Estimation of Excess Thermodynamic Properties (hE) of CHO2K-H2O from 278.15 to 423.15 K

In this paper, vapor liquid equilibrium (VLE) of a binary mixture, potassium formate-water (CHO2K-H2O), was measured experimentally using a dynamic moving type VLE setup in the temperature range of 313.15 to 393.15 K. Overall, large vapor pressure data points generated for the mole fraction of CHO2K from 0.023 to 0.461 and the solution temperature up to 423.15 K were used to correlate the local composition-based activity coefficient model (NRTL model). The data obtained via the thermodynamic model fitting shows good agreement with the experimental VLE data with overall average relative deviation of 2.15% and root-mean-square deviation of 0.25%. The obtained results further indicate that the binary mixture exhibits a negative deviation from the Raoult's law, which is an important characteristic of the working fluid used for a heat-activated vapor absorption system (VAS). Therefore, the CHO2K-H2O mixture can be considered as an alternative working pair that will overcome the limitations allied to the crystallization and corrosion of the commercial working fluids mainly lithium bromide-water (LiBr-H2O). The fitted nonrandom two-liquid model was further utilized to determine the excess thermodynamic properties, solution enthalpy, solution entropy, and equilibrium P-T-x (Duhring) plot.G.D.T. gratefully acknowledge the British Petroleum (BP) International, UK, for providing fellowship during his Ph.D. research work.Scopu

Criminal profiles of violent juvenile sex and violent non-sex offenders

Few studies have longitudinally investigated the criminal profiles of violent juvenile sex and violent juvenile non-sex offenders. To make up for this lack, this study used police records of juveniles to determine the nature of the criminal profiles of violent sex offenders (n = 226) and violent non-sex offenders (n = 4,130). All offenders committed their first offense in 1996 and were followed for 7 years. Results showed that violent sex offenders and violent non-sex offenders cannot be considered a homogeneous group because of different background characteristics and criminal profiles. Sex and violent offenses often constitute a small part of a broader criminal pattern. Further research is necessary to reveal in more detail the developmental and criminological patterns of violent and sexual delinquency. Treatment and intervention programs may benefit from this. © 2007 Sage Publications

Diazoxide-responsive hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia caused by HNF4A gene mutations

Objective: The phenotype associated with heterozygous HNF4A gene mutations has recently been extended to include diazoxide responsive neonatal hypoglycemia in addition to maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY). To date, mutation screening has been limited to patients with a family history consistent with MODY. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of HNF4A mutations in a large cohort of patients with diazoxide responsive hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia (HH). Subjects and methods: We sequenced the ABCC8, KCNJ11, GCK, GLUD1, and/or HNF4A genes in 220 patients with HH responsive to diazoxide. The order of genetic testing was dependent upon the clinical phenotype. Results: A genetic diagnosis was possible for 59/220 (27%) patients. KATP channel mutations were most common (15%) followed by GLUD1 mutations causing hyperinsulinism with hyperammonemia (5.9%), and HNF4A mutations (5%). Seven of the 11 probands with a heterozygous HNF4A mutation did not have a parent affected with diabetes, and four de novo mutations were confirmed. These patients were diagnosed with HI within the first week of life (median age 1 day), and they had increased birth weight (median +2.4 SDS). The duration of diazoxide treatment ranged from 3 months to ongoing at 8 years. Conclusions: In this large series, HNF4A mutations are the third most common cause of diazoxide responsive HH. We recommend that HNF4A sequencing is considered in all patients with diazoxide responsive HH diagnosed in the first week of life irrespective of a family history of diabetes, once KATP channel mutations have been excluded. © 2010 European Society of Endocrinology