Cluster as place of efficient diffusion of knowledge. Experiences of Lower Silesia

Due to the fact that clusters should implement the idea of an open innovation model, the paper focuses on the role of Lower Silesian clusters in promoting knowledge flow between enterprises and other network participants, which are measured by the numbers of joint inventions and patent citations. On the basis of the analysis of national and international patent applications, it has been found that few inventions of enterprises are created in cooperation with other cluster members as well as that enterprises refer to the knowledge of other cluster members in their patent descriptions to a limited extent, which in general does not support the thesis that cluster membership contributes to the intensification of knowledge-diffusion processes

The role of ethnic diversity in stimulating innovation processes : comparative analysis of Poland, the Czech Republic and Hungary

Purpose: Since existing literature suggests that ethnic diversity is one of the key elements that shape the dynamics of innovation, we examine whether inventions generated by ethnically diverse teams in the Czech Republic, Poland and Hungary are more valuable than those created by homogenous teams of native researchers. Design/Methodology/Approach: Using the OLS method, we estimate the parameters of the regression model in order to examine the relationship between ethnic diversity and the quality of technical solutions created as well as to determine which ethnic group and which combination of these groups (for each country) has the greatest impact on the quality of inventions. We take the frequency of citation as a measure of the quality of inventions, and the degree of ethnic diversity in the inventor team is measured using the Herfindahl index. Findings: Based on a cross-sectional data set being a sample of 2518 international patent applications (PCT) from 2004-2012, we have observed that both the mere presence of foreigners as well as greater ethnic diversity in the inventor team significantly increase the quality of technical solutions in Poland and Hungary, and moderately in the Czech Republic. Our study has also revealed that of all ethnic groups, Americans have the greatest impact on the citation of inventions, and it is the case in all three countries covered by the study. The optimal combination of individual groups, however, is different for each of these three countries: in Poland, the highest quality of inventions is related to the presence of citizens of the US, Belgium, Japan and Turkey, in Hungary – the US and Israel, and in the Czech Republic – the US, Germany and Canada. Practical Implications: The research results can be used by decision makers in Poland, the Czech Republic and Hungary when shaping the countries’ migration and innovation policies. Originality/Value: Original research.peer-reviewe

The dual role of tumor lymphatic vessels in dissemination of metastases and immune response development

Lymphatic vasculature plays a crucial role in the immune response, enabling transport of dendritic cells (DCs) and antigens (Ags) into the lymph nodes. Unfortunately, the lymphatic system has also a negative role in the progression of cancer diseases, by facilitating the metastatic spread of many carcinomas to the draining lymph nodes. The lymphatics can promote antitumor immune response as well as tumor tolerance. Here, we review the role of lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) in tumor progression and immunity and mechanism of action in the newest anti-lymphatic therapies, including photodynamic therapy (PDT)

Low dose of GRP78-targeting subtilase cytotoxin improves the efficacy of photodynamic therapy in vivo

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) exerts direct cytotoxic effects on tumor cells, destroys tumor blood and lymphatic vessels and induces local inflammation. Although PDT triggers the release of immunogenic antigens from tumor cells, the degree of immune stimulation is regimen-dependent. The highest immunogenicity is achieved at sub-lethal doses, which at the same time trigger cytoprotective responses, that include increased expression of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78). To mitigate the cytoprotective effects of GRP78 and preserve the immunoregulatory activity of PDT, we investigated the in vivo efficacy of PDT in combination with EGF-SubA cytotoxin that was shown to potentiate in vitro PDT cytotoxicity by inactivating GRP78. Treatment of immunocompetent BALB/c mice with EGF-SubA improved the efficacy of PDT but only when mice were treated with a dose of EGF-SubA that exerted less pronounced effects on the number of T and B lymphocytes as well as dendritic cells in mouse spleens. The observed antitumor effects were critically dependent on CD8(+) T cells and were completely abrogated in immunodeficient SCID mice. All these results suggest that GRP78 targeting improves in vivo PDT efficacy provided intact T-cell immune system

Optimization and regeneration kinetics of lymphatic-specific photodynamic therapy in the mouse dermis

Lymphatic vessels transport fluid, antigens, and immune cells to the lymph nodes to orchestrate adaptive immunity and maintain peripheral tolerance. Lymphangiogenesis has been associated with inflammation, cancer metastasis, autoimmunity, tolerance and transplant rejection, and thus, targeted lymphatic ablation is a potential therapeutic strategy for treating or preventing such events. Here we define conditions that lead to specific and local closure of the lymphatic vasculature using photodynamic therapy (PDT). Lymphatic-specific PDT was performed by irradiation of the photosensitizer verteporfin that effectively accumulates within collecting lymphatic vessels after local intradermal injection. We found that anti-lymphatic PDT induced necrosis of endothelial cells and pericytes, which preceded the functional occlusion of lymphatic collectors. This was specific to lymphatic vessels at low verteporfin dose, while higher doses also affected local blood vessels. In contrast, light dose (fluence) did not affect blood vessel perfusion, but did affect regeneration time of occluded lymphatic vessels. Lymphatic vessels eventually regenerated by recanalization of blocked collectors, with a characteristic hyperplasia of peri-lymphatic smooth muscle cells. The restoration of lymphatic function occurred with minimal remodeling of non-lymphatic tissue. Thus, anti-lymphatic PDT allows control of lymphatic ablation and regeneration by alteration of light fluence and photosensitizer dose

The Role of Neutrophils in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

Tumor-associated neutrophils appear to be a crucial element of the tumor microenvironment that actively participates in the development and progression of cancerous diseases. The increased lifespan, plasticity in changing of phenotype, and functions of neutrophils influence the course of the disease and may significantly affect survival. In patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), disturbances in neutrophils functions impede the effective immune defense against pathogens. Therefore, understanding the mechanism underlying such a phenomenon in CLL seems to be of great importance. Here we discuss the recent reports analyzing the phenotype and functions of neutrophils in CLL, the most common leukemia in adults. We summarize the data concerning both the phenotype and the mechanisms by which neutrophils directly support the proliferation and survival of malignant B cells

Investigation of cell death mechanisms in human lymphatic endothelial cells undergoing photodynamic therapy

Background: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been shown to induce ablation and functional occlusion of tumor-associated lymphatic vessels. However, direct effects of PDT on lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) have not been studied so far. The aim of this study was to elucidate molecular mechanisms of cell death induced by PDT in human LECs. Methods: Verteporfin was used as a photosensitizer to investigate PDT-mediated damage of lymphatic vessels in mice using immunofluorescent staining and stereomicroscopy. In vitro dose-response studies were carried-out with crystal violet staining. Immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, immunoblotting and DNA electrophoresis were used to investigate the mechanisms of cell death in human LECs undergoing PDT. Results: PDT induced an increase in the number of propidium iodide positive lymphatic endothelial cells in the mouse dermis. In in vitro studies dose-dependent cytotoxic effects of PDT towards LECs were observed. Typical hallmarks of apoptotic cell death, including Annexin V binding, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, caspase activation, cleavage of PARP as well as DNA fragmentation were observed in LECs when PDT was used at high irradiation conditions, causing >80% cell death. At lower light fluencies causing <50% cell death PDT induced autophagy rather than apoptosis, as revealed by conversion of LC3-I to the autophagosomal LC3-II and formation of LC3 puncta. Z-VAD-FMK, a caspase inhibitor, prevented cell death induced by high-dose PDT only, while 3-methyladenine, an autophagy suppressor, inhibited cell death induced by low-dose PDT. Conclusions: Both apoptosis and autophagy are involved in cell death induced by verteporfin-PDT in LECs. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Neutrophil extracellular traps generation and degradation in patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis and systemic lupus erythematosus

Neutrophils are one of the first cells to arrive at the site of infection, where they apply several strategies to kill pathogens: degranulation, respiratory burst, phagocytosis, and release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Recent discoveries try to connect NETs formation with autoimmune diseases, like systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) and place them among one of the factors responsible for disease pathogenesis. The aim of the study was to assess the NETotic capabilities of neutrophils obtained from freshly diagnosed autoimmune patients versus healthy controls. Further investigation involved assessing NETs production among treated patients. In the latter step, NETs degradation potency of collected sera from non-treated patients was checked. Lastly, the polymorphisms of the DNASE I gene among tested subjects were checked. NETs formation was measured in a neutrophil culture by fluorometry, while degradation assessment was performed with patients’ sera and extracellular source of DNA. Additionally, Sanger sequencing was used to check potential SNP mutations between patients. About 121 subjects were enrolled into this study, 54 of them with a diagnosed autoimmune disorder. Neutrophils stimulated with NETosis inducers were able to release NETs in all cases. We have found that disease affected patients produce NETs more rapidly and in larger quantities than control groups, with up to 82.5% more released. Most importantly, we showed a difference between the diseases themselves. NETs release was 68.5% higher in GPA samples when compared to SLE ones while stimulated with Calcium Ionophore. Serum nucleases were less effective at degrading NETs in both autoimmune diseases, with a reduction in degradation of 20.9% observed for GPA and 18.2% for SLE when compared with the controls. Potential therapies targeting neutrophils and NETs should be specifically tailored to the type of the disease. Since there are significant differences between NETs release and disease type, a standard neutrophil targeted therapy could prevent over-generation of traps in some cases, while in others it would deplete the cells, leaving the immune system unresponsive to primary infections