Polinização do maracujá doce (Passiflora alata Dryander)

This experiment was carried out in Ribeirão Preto (São Paulo, Brazil), aiming at studying the frequency and type of gathering (whether pollen or nectar) by insects on flowers of sweet passion fruit (Passiflora alata Dryander). The daily frequency and type of gathering were obtained by counting the insects, ten minutes in each hour, from the sunrise to the sunset, with five replicates.  It was observed that the flowers started to open at 6:00 a.m. and closed at  5:00 p.m. The insects observed were  Centris  sp. (75.69%), Trigona spinipes (20.14%) and Apis mellifera (4.17%). Centris sp. visited the flowers from 6:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., being more frequent during the morning, to gather only nectar.  Trigona visited the flowers from 6:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. to collect both nectar and pollen, showing preference for nectar gathering during the morning.  A. mellifera only collected pollen, from 6:00 a.m.  to 10:00 p.m., with frequency peak at 9:00 a.m.Este experimento foi conduzido em Ribeirão Preto, SP, para estudar a freqüência e tipo de coleta (pólen ou néctar) dos insetos nas flores do maracujá-doce (Passiflora alata Dryander). A freqüência dos insetos e o tipo de coleta, no decorrer do dia, foram obtidos por contagem nos dez primeiros minutos de cada horário, do amanhecer ao entardecer, com cinco repetições. Observou-se que as flores abriram a partir das 6h00 e após as 17h00 todas estavam fechadas. Os insetos observados foram abelhas Centris sp (75,69%), seguida por Trigona spinipes (20,14%) e Apis mellifera  (4,17%). A abelha Centris sp. visitou as flores para coletar apenas néctar, das 6h00 às 17h00, sendo mais freqüente no período da manhã. T. spinipes visitou as flores tanto para coletar néctar quanto pólen, das 6h00 às 16h00, preferindo coletar néctar no período da manhã. A mellifera coletou apenas pólen, das 6h00 às 10h00, sendo mais freqüente às 9h00.  Palavras-chave: insetos, polinização, Passiflora alata, maracujá

Polinização em cultura de laranja (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck, var. Pera-Rio)

Pollination in sweet orange crop, Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck, var. Pera-Rio. The present experiment was performed to study the frequency and behaviour of insects on sweet orange flowers, Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck, the effect these insects on fruit production (quantity and quality) besides measurements of the collection type of more frequent bees. During three consecutive years the more frequent insect visiting the flower was Apis mellifera (africanized). The flowers visited by few or neither honey bees (until 9 visits) showed minor percentage of fruition. The fruit production was 35.30% greater in uncovered flowers. The mean weight of fruits was too greater in uncovered flowers (180.2g) than covered ones (168.5g). The fruits from the covered treatments were more acids (1.411g citric acid/100ml of juice) than uncovered ones (1.164g citric acid/100ml of juice). The number of seeds per bud was higher in uncovered treatment (1 seed/bud) than covered one (0.8 seed/bud).O presente experimento objetivou estudar uma cultura de laranja (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck, var. Pera-Rio) quanto a biologia floral, insetos visitantes (espécies e tipo de coleta nas flores) e o efeito dos mesmos na produção dos frutos (qualidade e quantidade). A flor teve duração média de 25 horas e a concentração média de açúcares no néctar foi de 29,50 ± 1,30%, com 218,86 ± 97,39 µg de carboidratos totais por flor. Durante 2 anos consecutivos (1993 e 1994), o inseto mais freqüente nas flores foi a abelha A. mellifera. Em todos os horários avaliados as flores apresentavam-se igualmente disponíveis para a polinização. As A. mellifera coletaram principalmente néctar (94,40%) do que pólen (5,60%). A porcentagem de fecundação das flores foi maior (57,40%) nas visitadas pelos insetos (tratamento descoberto) do que as não visitadas (tratamento coberto). As flores não visitadas ou que receberam poucas visitas (até nove) das abelhas A. mellifera mostraram menor porcentagem de fecundação. As flores visitadas pelos insetos produziram maior quantidade de frutos (aumento de 35,30%), frutos mais pesados (180,2g), mais doces (1,164g de ác. cítrico/100g de amostra) e com maior número médio de sementes por gomo (1 semente/gomo) que as flores não visitadas pelos insetos

Atrativo para as abelhas Apis mellifera e polinização em café (Coffea arabica L.)

O presente experimento foi conduzido em Jaboticabal, SP, e teve como objetivos estudar uma cultura de café (Coffea arabica L., var. Mundo Novo), quanto à biologia floral, a freqüência e comportamento dos insetos na flor, testar o produto Bee-HereR (Hoescht Shering Agrevo do Brasil Ltda) quanto a sua atratividade para as abelhas Apis mellifera e verificar a produção de frutos com e sem a visita dos insetos. Para isso, foram verificados o tempo do desenvolvimento e quantidade de açúcar solúvel do néctar das flores; freqüência das visitações dos insetos, no decorrer do dia, por meio de contagem do número de insetos visitando as flores, a cada 60 minutos, das 8 às 17 horas, 10 minutos em cada horário; tempo (em segundos) e tipo de coleta (néctar e/ou pólen) dos insetos mais freqüentes; perda de botões florais; porcentagem de flores que se transformaram em frutos; tempo de formação e contagem dos grãos de café, observando-se a porcentagem de frutificação em flores visitadas ou não pelos insetos. Também foram realizados testes por pulverização utilizando-se o produto Bee-HereR , diluído em xarope e em água, em diferentes horários. A flor durou, em média, cerca de 3 dias desde sua abertura até o murchamento. A quantidade de açúcares do néctar apresentou diferença significativa entre os horários, sendo maior às 8 horas (em média, 102,18 ± 8,75 mg de carboidratos totais por flor). A abelha A. mellifera foi o inseto mais freqüente nas flores de café, coletando, principalmente, néctar no decorrer do dia. A perda de botões florais causada pelas chuvas foi, em média, 26,50 ± 11,70%. O tempo para a formação do fruto foi 6 meses e o número de frutos decorrentes do tratamento descoberto foi maior (38,79% e 168,38%, em 1993 e 1994, respectivamente) que do tratamento coberto. Apesar da eficiência do produto Bee-HereR ser afetada pelas condições climáticas, ele pode ser usado para atrair as abelhas A. mellifera na cultura.The present experiment was carried out in Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil, to study the frequency and behaviour of insects with respect coffee (Coffea arabica L., var. Mundo Novo) flowers, the effect insects on fruit production, forage types of more frequent bees and the effectiveness of Bee-HereR (Hoescht Shering Agrevo do Brasil Ltda) attractant on honeybee visits. For that the time of development and the amount of soluble sugar of the nectar of the flowers were verified, frequency of the visitations of the insects in elapsing of the day by means of insects number visiting the flowers, to every 60 minutes, of 8:00 at the 17 hours, 10 minutes in every schedule; time (in seconds) and collection type (nectar and/or pollen) ; loss of floral buttons; percentage of flowers that they became fruits; time of formation and number of coffee grains, being observed the fruition percentage in visited flowers or not for the insects. Tests were also accomplished by spraying being used the product Bee-Here, diluted in syrup and in water in different schedules. The flower lasted on the average about 3 days from its opening to the withering. The amount of soluble sugar of the nectar presented significant difference among the schedules, being larger at the 8 hours (on the average, 102.18 ± 8,75 mg of glucose for flower). The most frequent insect to visit the coffee flowers was the africanized honey bees, collecting mainly nectar during the day. The number of fruits in the uncovered treatment was 38,79% and 168,38% higher in 1993 and 1994, respectively, than the covered ones. In spite of the efficiency of the product Bee-HereR to be affected by climatic conditions, it can be used to attract honeybees in coffee orchards

Honey bee attractants and pollination in sweet orange, Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck, var. Pera-Rio

This experiment studied the frequency and behavior of insects on sweet orange flowers, Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck, their effect on fruit production (quantity and quality), nectar and pollen collection, and the effectiveness of different attractants. Over three consecutive years, the most frequent visitor to the flowers was Apis mellifera (Africanized). Flowers visited less than ten times showed low fructification. Fruit production was 35.30% greater in uncovered flowers. Fruit mean weight was much greater in uncovered (180.2g) than in covered flowers (168.5g). Fruits from the covered were more acid (1.411g of citric acid/100ml of juice) than the uncovered flowers (1.164g of citric acid/100ml of juice). The number of seeds per bud was higher in the uncovered (1 seed/bud) than in the covered treatment (0.8 seed/bud). Bee-HereR, eugenol, geraniol, citral, and lemon grass extract, mainly diluted in water, were effective in attracting honeybees to orchards. However, these compounds were less effective when diluted in sugar syrup. The same products had variable attractiveness to honeybees in different years

BIODIVERSIDADE E COMPORTAMENTO FORRAGEIRO DE ABELHAS NA CULTURA DA ABOBOREIRA ITALIANA (Cucurbita pepo): Abelhas na aboboreira

The aim of this experiment was to study the biodiversity of pollinators in Italian pumpkin crop in 2013, 2014 and 2015, in relation to the visiting insects in male and female flowers, the type of collection and their forage behavior, in Ribeirão Preto, SP. The opening and closing of flowers and the attractiveness of the male flowers to the female flowers were evaluated. The frequency and type of collection of flower visitors were obtained by counting in the first 10 minutes of each hour with three replicates in each year. Was observed that the flowers open at 6:00 a.m. and closed about 1:00 p.m. The female flowers begin to close at 12 noon and soon after the male ones close also, reducing the activity of the pollinators. The most frequent insect in the flowers was Africanized honey bee (79.25%) followed by the stingless bee Trigona spinipes (20.75%). The honey bee visited the flowers from 7:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m. and preferred to collect nectar in male flowers (61.0%) when compared to pollen in male flowers (22.3%) and nectar in female flowers (16.7%). Due to forage behavior all bees observed were considered as pollinators of the Italian pumpkin crop.Os objetivos deste trabalho foram estudar os polinizadores da abóbora-italiana, em 2013, 2014 e 2015, quanto aos insetos visitantes nas flores, o tipo de coleta e comportamento forrageiro, em Ribeirão Preto, SP. O horário de abertura e fechamento e a atratividade das flores masculinas com relação às femininas foram avaliados. A frequência das visitações dos insetos e o tipo de coleta nas flores, no decorrer do dia, foram obtidos por meio de contagem, nos primeiros 10 minutos de cada horário, com três repetições em cada ano estudado. O comportamento forrageiro de cada espécie de inseto foi avaliado através de observações visuais, no decorrer do dia, durante todo o período experimental. Observou-se que as flores se abrem às 6h00, permanecendo abertas até por volta das 13h00. A partir das 12h00, as flores femininas começam a fechar e logo após as masculinas fecham também, reduzindo a atividade dos polinizadores. O inseto mais frequente nas flores foi abelha africanizada (79,25%) seguida da abelha sem ferrão Trigona spinipes (20,75%). A abelha africanizada visitou as flores das 7h00 às 13h00 e preferiu coletar néctar nas flores masculinas (61,0%), quando comparado a pólen (22,3%) e néctar nas femininas (16,7%). Pelo comportamento, as abelhas observadas foram consideradas polinizadoras dessa cultura

Proboscis conditioning experiments with honeybees, Apis mellifera caucasica, with butyric acid and DEET mixture as conditioned and unconditioned stimuli

Three experiments are described investigating whether olfactory repellents DEET and butyric acid can support the classical conditioning of proboscis extension in the honeybee, Apis mellifera caucasica (Hymenoptera: Apidae). In the first experiment DEET and butyric acid readily led to standard acquisition and extinction effects, which are comparable to the use of cinnamon as a conditioned stimulus. These results demonstrate that the odor of DEET or butyric acid is not intrinsically repellent to honey bees. In a second experiment, with DEET and butyric acid mixed with sucrose as an unconditioned stimulus, proboscis conditioning was not established. After several trials, few animals responded to the unconditioned stimulus. These results demonstrate that these chemicals are gustatory repellents when in direct contact. In the last experiment a conditioned suppression paradigm was used. Exposing animals to butyric acid or DEET when the proboscis was extended by direct sucrose stimulation or by learning revealed that retraction of the proboscis was similar to another novel odor, lavender, and in all cases greatest when the animal was not permitted to feed. These results again demonstrate that DEET or butyric acid are not olfactory repellents, and in addition, conditioned suppression is influenced by feeding state of the bee.Peer reviewedPsychologyZoolog