Integração da impedância sísmica 3D e 4D ao modelo de simulação para melhorar a caracterização do reservatório

Orientadores: Denis José Schiozer, Alessandra Davólio GomesTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica e Instituto de GeociênciasResumo: O objetivo principal da simulação numérica de reservatórios é prever a produção e planejar o desenvolvimento de campos de petróleo, mantendo modelos de reservatórios confiáveis que respeitem os dados estáticos e dinâmicos disponíveis. A sísmica 4D (S4D) desempenha papel importante no monitoramento de reservatórios, fornecendo dados que descrevem o comportamento dinâmico das propriedades do reservatório durante a produção. Aplicações recentes mostraram que a S4D possibilita reduzir a incerteza na distribuição de heterogeneidades, melhorando o conhecimento da estrutura geológica e permitindo que o reservatório seja gerenciado de forma mais eficaz. Dados de S4D podem ser integrados com dados de simulação do fluxo do reservatório, qualitativamente (como na interpretação de causas prováveis de anomalias devido a mudanças na saturação e pressão dos poros) ou quantitativamente (adicionando atributos derivados da sísmica dentro da função objetivo de um processo de ajuste de histórico). Dados sísmicos 3D são associados aos parâmetros estáticos do reservatório e podem fornecer conhecimento da estrutura e litologia do reservatório. Assim, a integração entre o modelo de simulação de fluxo e os dados sísmicos observados (domínios de engenharia e sísmica) deve respeitar a interpretação dinâmica, estrutural e estratigráfica do reservatório através da modelagem direta e inversa e subsequente comparação entre as observações previstas e reais. Este trabalho destina-se a desenvolver metodologias para usar dados sísmicos 3D e 4D, para mitigar as incertezas no modelo de simulação numérica de reservatórios. Deste modo, este trabalho propõe uma metodologia de estudos para integrar impedância sísmica invertida (3D e 4D) com dados de engenharia, dando ênfase na interface entre modelos estáticos e dinâmicos, para proporcionar um modelo de reservatório mais confiável. A metodologia é aplicada a um reservatório de arenito com geologia estrutural complexa, o benchmark do campo de Norne (Noruega). A primeira parte do trabalho apresenta uma inversão do levantamento sísmico 3D base (adquirido em 2001) discutindo o uso de diferentes números e localização de poços para determinar as características estáticas do reservatório. Demonstrou-se que a inversão 3D fornece melhores resultados se os dados de entrada, neste caso os dados de poço, respeitarem a complexa geologia estrutural do reservatório de Norne. Destacamos as vantagens da interpretação sísmica 4D em forma de impedância, obtida através de inversão sísmica 4D,através da comparação das anomalias de impedância sísmica com as diferenças de amplitude sísmica para alguns exemplos no campo de Norne. A inversão 4D atenua as anomalias que não são causadas pelas atividades produtivas do campo. Em seguida, interpretamos as variações de impedância entre os levantamentos sísmicos base (2001) e monitor (2006) para todo o campo para identificar anomalias de impedância 4D (sinais de aumento e diminuição de impedância) e desacoplar os efeitos das variações de fluido e pressão (devido à atividade de produção) suportado por dados de engenharia do reservatório. Assim, uma interpretação sísmica 4D qualitativa precisa foi alcançada através dos resultados da inversão permitindo entender os efeitos da atividade de produção, que é outra contribuição importante a ser destacada. A natureza multidisciplinar da modelagem do reservatório exige uma abordagem mais quantitativa para integrar os dados sísmicos 4D na metodologia de ajuste de histórico. A avaliação quantitativa da consistência entre a simulação do fluxo do reservatório e os parâmetros elásticos necessita de um modelo petro-elástico (PEM) para fornecer uma comparação lógica entre domínios. No entanto, o PEM pode ser bastante incerto. Assim, atualizamos o modelo do reservatório usando a integração quantitativa da impedância sísmica invertida (3D e 4D) dentro do modelo de simulação de fluxo do reservatório, levando em consideração que o desajuste de dados sísmicos pode ser associado à um modelo de simulação incerto, ou à um PEM incerto. O caso estudado mostrou um desajuste considerável entre dados simulados e observados de pressão de fundo dos poços. Portanto, propomos duas etapas para resolver a ambiguidade na geração de um modelo de simulação de reservatório confiável tendo um PEM incerto. Em primeiro lugar, melhoramos a confiabilidade do modelo de reservatório usando a integração quantitativa da impedância sísmica observada em 3D e 4D, juntamente com os dados do histórico dos poços. Em seguida, calibramos os parâmetros no modelo petro-elástico, referente aos dados observados 4D e ao histórico de produção para garantir valores realistas às mudanças nos parâmetros elásticos in situ devido à atividade de produção. Este estudo apresenta a integração dos domínios de engenharia e sísmica, em um fluxo de trabalho iterativo, em um campo real para fechar o ciclo entre os dois domínios, permitindo atualizar o modelo de reservatório e validar o modelo petro-elástico. A principal contribuição deste trabalho é destacar a incorporação dos dados estáticos e dinâmicos do reservatório para diagnosticar a confiabilidade da simulação de fluxo do reservatório para um caso complexo, considerando as incertezas inerentes a esses dados e melhorando a compreensão do comportamento do reservatórioAbstract: The ultimate goal of reservoir simulation in reservoir surveillance technology is to estimate long-term production forecasting and to plan further development of petroleum fields by maintaining reliable reservoir models that honor available static and dynamic data. Moreover, time-lapse seismic (or 4DS) has played a preeminent role in the reservoir surveillance technology by providing new data describing the dynamic behavior of reservoir properties during production. Recent applications have shown that 4DS yields a reduction in the uncertainty in reservoir properties allowing the improvement of the knowledge of the geological framework and a more effective reservoir management. 4DS response can be integrated with reservoir flow simulation either qualitatively (such as interpreting likely causes of 4D anomalies due to changes in saturation and pore pressure) or quantitatively (by adding seismic derived attributes inside the objective function of a history matching process). Alternatively, 3D seismic data is associated to the static reservoir parameters which can provide reservoir framework knowledge. Thus, closing the loop between the flow simulation model and the observed seismic data (engineering and seismic domains) must honor static, dynamic, structural and stratigraphic interpretation of reservoirs through forward and inverse modeling and consequent comparison between predicted and actual observations. This work aims using 3D and 4D seismic data to mitigate uncertainties in numerical reservoir simulation model, proposing a circular workflow of inverted seismic impedance (3D and 4D) and engineering studies, with emphasis on the interface between static and dynamic models. The methodology is applied to a complex structural geology, sandstone reservoir, the Norne Field benchmark case (Norway). The first part of the work presents a 3D seismic inversion of the baseline seismic survey (2001) discussing different numbers and locations of wells to characterize the static reservoir framework. It was shown that the 3D inversion provides better results if the input data, in this case the well-logs data, respect the complex structural geology of Norne reservoir. Meanwhile, we highlight the advantages of time-lapse seismic interpretation in form of inverted impedance by running 4D seismic inversion and comparing derived seismic impedance anomalies within the standard seismic amplitude differences for some examples in the Norne Field. The 4D inversion mitigates the anomalies that are not caused by production activity. Then, we interpret impedance variations between the base (2001) and monitor (2006) seismic surveys for entire field to identify 4D impedance anomalies (hardening and softening signals) and decouple the effects of fluid and pressure variations (due to the production activity), supported by reservoir engineering data. Thus, an accurate qualitative 4D seismic interpretation are provided by inversion results to be able to understand the effects of production activity, which is another important contribution to be highlighted. However, the multidisciplinary nature of reservoir modeling demands more quantitative approach to integrate 4D seismic data into the history matching workflows. Nevertheless, quantitative evaluation of consistency between reservoir flow simulation and elastic parameters relies on calibrated petro-elastic modelling (PEM) to provide the logical cross-domain comparison. However the petro-elastic model can be very uncertain. Thereby, we update the reservoir model using quantitative integration of seismic inverted impedance (3D and 4D) within reservoir flow simulation model, taking into account that the seismic data mismatch can be associated to an uncertain simulation model as well as to an uncertain PEM. The case studied presented a considerable initial mismatch between simulated and measured bottom-hole pressure (BHP). We therefore propose two steps in order to resolve ambiguity in generating validated reservoir flow simulation and PEM model. First, we improve the reliability of reservoir model using quantitative integration of 3D and 4D observed seismic impedance together with well history data. Eventually, we calibrate the parameters in petro-elastic model, referring to 4D observed and production history data to ensure realistic values for changes in in-situ elastic parameters due to the production activity. This study presents the integration of engineering and seismic domains, in an iterative workflow, on a real field to close the loop and subsequently to update reservoir flow simulation and validate the petro-elastic model. The main contributions of this work is to highlight the incorporation of available static and dynamic reservoir data to diagnose the reservoir flow simulation reliability for a complex case, considering the uncertainties inherent to these data and improve the reservoir behavior understandingDoutoradoReservatórios e GestãoDoutor em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróle

Evaluation of Protective and Immunomodulatory Effects of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Scrophularia striata on Silver Nanoparticle-Induced Toxicity in Male Rats

Introduction: Recently, silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) have found extensive and raising biomedical applications. Ag-NPs may lead to increased rate of toxicity on human health and environment. Because of the high antioxidant potential of the Scrophularia striata, the aim of the present study was to investigate the protective influence of Scrophularia striata against Ag-NPs-induced toxicity. Materials and Methods: Thirty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (n=6 for each group). Group 1 was normal control rats. Group 2 received only Ag-NPs (200 ppm). In groups 3 to 5, the rats were pretreated with different concentrations (20, 60 and 180 mg/kg) of the Scrophularia striata extract, respectively and then were treated with Ag-NPs to induce toxicity. Animals were treated once daily by gavage over a period of 30 days. At the end of the treatment period, blood samples were collected and serum IgG, IgM, C3, C4, and CRP levels were determined. Data were statistically analyzed through one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. Results: Oral administration of Ag-NPs evoked a significant increase in the serum IgG, IgM, C3, C4, and CRP levels, compared with those in the control group (P<0.05). These changes were ameliorated through treatment with Scrophularia striata extract at different doses as compared with the Ag-NPs-treated group (P<0.05). Conclusion: The extract was found to be as an effective immunomodulatory agent against Ag-NPs-induced toxicity presumably due to its active compounds with medicinal value

Optimizing Employment and learning system using big data and knowledge management based on deduction graph

In recent years, big data has usefully been deployed by organizations with the aim of getting a better prediction for the future. Moreover, knowledge management systems are being used by organizations to identify and create knowledge. Here, the output from analysis of big data and a knowledge management system are used to develop a new model with the goal of minimizing the cost of implementing new recognized processes including staff training, transferring and employment costs. Strategies are proposed from big data analysis and new processes are defined accordingly. The company requires various skills to execute the proposed processes. Organization\u2019s current experts and their skills are known through a pre-established knowledge management system. After a gap analysis, managers can make decisions about the expert arrangement, training programs and employment to bridge the gap and accomplish their goals. Finally, deduction graph is used to analyze the model

The effect of sulfoxo-bilactam-21-crown -7 on spermatogenesis in immature Balb/c mice

زمینه و هدف: کراون اترها ملکول های میزبان برای یون های فلزی و غیر فلزی هستند. توانایی کراون اترها در کنترل سیکل و تغییر فعالیت برخی از آنزیم ها گزارش شده است. در این مطالعه اثر یک کراون اتر جدید (سولفوکسو- بی لاکتام- 21- کراون-7) بر روی بافت بیضه و اسپرماتوژنز مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه 24 سر موش نابالغ کوچک آزمایشگاهی (Balb/C) به سه گروه گروه کنترل (هیچ ماده ای دریافت نکردند)، شم )فقط توئین 80 دریافت کردند) و تجربی )سولفوکسو- بی لاکتام- 21- کراون-7 دریافت کردند) تقسیم شدند. Lethal dose 50 (LD50) دارو، به میزان 40 میلی گرم بر کیلوگرم تعیین شد. بر این اساس، دوز 20 میلی گرم بر کیلوگرم از این کراون اتر به روش درون صفاقی هر روز به مدت یک هفته به گروه تجربی تزریق شد. دو هفته پس از آخرین تزریق، حیوانات بیهوش شده و کشته شدند. خون جهت اندازه گیری هورمون از قلب گرفته شد. بافت بیضه، استخراج شد و جهت مطالعات بافت شناسی فیکس گردید. داده ها توسط آنالیز واریانس یکطرفه (ANOVA) و به دنبال آن تست توکی آنالیز شدند. یافته ها: تزریق درون صفاقی سولفوکسو- بی لاکتام- 21- کراون-7 (20 میلی گرم بر کیلوگرم) تغییر معنی داری در تعداد اسپرماتوگنی نوع A و B، اسپرماتوسیت اولیه و سلول های لیدیک در گروه تجربی در مقایسه با گروه کنترل و شم نشان نداد. افزایش هورمون جنسی مردانه، تستوسترون (001/0

Drug Repurposing for Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) Based on Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis

Background: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a lesser-known eye disease in the world that gradually destroys a person’s vision by creating dark spots in the center of vision. Material and Methods: Samples of AMD-related genes were extracted from the NCBI, then the gene expression network (GCN) was extracted. In addition, pathway enrichment analysis was performed to investigate the role of co-expressed genes in AMD. Finally, the drug-gene interaction network was plotted.Results: The results of this work based on bioinformatics showed that many genes are involved in AMD disease, the most important of which are the genes of TYROBP, LILRB2, LCP2, PTPRC, CFH, SPARC, HTR5A.Overexpression of these genes can be considered as basic biomarkers for this disease, we separated some of which we had from the gene co-expression network and some from the results of genes ontology (genes that have a P value ≤ 0.05). The most important drugs were isolated from the drug-gene network based on degree, which included 5 drugs including ocriplasmin, collagenase clostridium histolyticum, topiramate, primidone, butalbital.Conclusion: Among the genes we found, three genes of CFH, TYROBP, SPARC seem to be more important than the others. Among drugs, ocriplasmin, topiramate, primidone can play a more important role based on the degree in the drug-gene network, because all steps are performed with different bioinformatics methods, clinical trials must confirm or reject the results.Keywords: Age-Related Macular Degeneration; AMD; Co-Expression Network; Drug Repurposing

Anti-Cancer Drugs Effective in Retinoblastoma: Based on a Protein-Protein Interaction Network

Background: This paper investigates the effects of potential drugs on differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with substantial alterations in retinoblastoma malignancy.Material and Methods: The GSE125903 dataset consisting of ten samples was used in this study (seven cancer patients and three control samples). The genes were ordered according to their adjusted p value, and 2000 top differential expressed genes with adj p values less than 0.01 were chosen as statistically significant. The STRING database version 11.0 was used to display the interaction among genes. The Cytoscape3.8.2 and the Clusterviz plugin software were used to construct the modules for the PPI network, and five clusters of genes were formed. The DGIdb v4.2.0 database was used to study drug-gene interactions and identify potentially beneficial medicines for retinoblastoma malignancy. The DAVID v.6.8 database was used to study gene ontology (GO) and important biological pathways.Results: CISPLATIN, TAMOXIFEN, and CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE are the medicines that have been shown to be successful in treating retinoblastoma in our study. Additionally, we conducted a research on three other drugs: GEMCITABINE, OLAPARIB, and MITOXANTRONE. Although it is used to treat other diseases, it seems to have no apparent effects on retinoblastoma cancer treatment.Conclusion: CISPLATIN, a drug that causes apoptosis in tumors, has been proven to be the most effective therapy for retinoblastoma and should be included in treatment regimens for this illness. Of course, we obtained this information based on bioinformatics techniques, and more clinical trials are needed for more reliable results.Keywords: Protein-Protein Interaction Network; Retinoblastoma; Anti-Cancer

Investigation of the relationship between heat waves and urban heat islands (Case study: Ahvaz metropolis)

Heat waves and urban heat islands are phenomena that affect human life. The purpose of this study is to investigation the relationship between heat waves and urban heat islands in the Ahvaz metropolis from 2003 to 2018. For this purpose days with a temperature higher than +2 standard deviation ) and lasted at least 2 days, were identified as days with heat wave using the Fumiaki index, to investigate the effect of heat waves on the intensification of heat islands , heat islands for daytime and nighttime days with the heat wave and a normal day with the lowest maximum temperature as a day without heat wave, the occurrence of each heat wave was calculated using MODIS-AQUA data. According to the results, most of the heat waves in Ahvaz which occurred in March 2010, were at the end of the cold period. In terms of continuity, it was 7 days and long-term. findings also showed that in heat wave and no heat wave conditions, often formed on the day the cold island and at night the heat island, but in the heat wave conditions during the day the cold island it has been often more severe than normal days, and at night time the heat island is often more intense than normal day. In general, the occurrence of heat waves has an effect on the intensification of the thermal islands of Ahvaz in both hot and cold months. these conditions have been more noticeable in warm months than cold months

EDC-Protein Network Formation in Uvea Melanoma; An Analysis of Melanoma Metastasis-Associated Genes

Abstract: Background: Melanoma is a kind of pigment cell cancer that affects the iris, ciliary body, or choroid of the eye (collectively referred to as the uvea). Tumors arise from pigment cells located inside the uvea that stain the eye. Metastasis of melanoma in the eye can damage a number of melanoma, such as the liver. Early diagnosis and treatment of melanoma can prevent possible problems, including decreased vision or complete loss of the eye. The most common manifestations of the disease are blurred vision, diplopia,  photopsia and proptosis. Material and Methods: First, the accession number GSE22138 was used to access the Gene Expression Omnibus at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (GEO). Then, 2000 metastatic and non-metastatic melanoma genes were extracted from the NCBI database together with their P-value. Then, by constructing the PPI network, we established ten modules for the genes with the highest expression levels. The comptox database was used to identify possible Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) for 17 high-expression genes. Cytoscape software was used to visualize the EDC-Protein network for these genes. Finally, we analyzed GO (Gene-Ontology) and molecular pathways using the DAVID database.  Result: In melanoma, 120 potential EDCs were identified to have regulatory effects on gene expression. We present oryzalin as a very effective EDC based on a comprehensive evaluation of various EDCs for metastatic Melanoma. Conclusion: Oryzalin is the EDC with the highest degree in our network. However, these results need to be experimentally confirmed to suggest improved prevention

Compilation of scenarios and providing effective strategies for future social resilience (Case study: Ahwaz metropolis)

Objective: The present study, with a futuristic approach, will elaborate effective scenarios in the future of social resilience and provide effective strategies in this field.  This research is applied in terms of its purpose and in terms of a combination of documentary and Methods: survey methods and in terms of its nature, based on the new method of futuristic, analytic and exploratory science that has been carried out using a combination of quantitative and qualitative models. The statistical population of this research for the urban resilience Future Studies is of 45 urban experts who have been questioned and the results of their review have been used to identify the key factors for shaping social resilience in the future. Deployed forces are characterized by a Delphi method, and then these factors are prioritized and the most crucial determinants are determined by importance and uncertainty, and for future scenarios, the Micmac software has been used. Results:The results show in the resilience scatter diagram status variable and unstable social system prevailing Ahwaz social resilience. Finally, out of the 54 factors mentioned above, after examining the extent and which these factors affect each other and on the future status of these settlements in the output of Micmac software. Conclusion:Theten key factors with the highest direct and indirect impact on the future of Ahwaz's social resilience were identified: Income status, boycott, poverty, urban management weakness, increased migration, financial incentives, unemployment, reduced oil exports, worn out texture, weak institutions that play the most role in the future of social resilience in the Ahwaz metropolitan