Toll-Like Receptors and Natural Killer Cells

Natural killer (NK) cells represent a heterogeneous subpopulation of lymphocytes of the innate immune system with a powerful antitumor activity, a function given by a complex collection of receptors. They act synergistically to recognize, regulate, or amplify the response according to the microenvironment, thus highlighting Toll-like receptors (TLRs), a type of receptors that allows sensing evolutionarily molecules conserved of pathogens known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and/or damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Those TLRs are essential to start the immune response. There is little information about the different subpopulations that form NK cells as well as their expression profile of innate immune response receptors in hematological cancers

IL10 as Cancer Biomarker

Chronic inflammation can trigger events that would induce the malignant transformation of cells and carcinogenesis. Cytokines play a crucial role and can control the development and multiplication of cancerous cells. However, clinical data present controversy about the participation of these proteins in the establishment and development of cancer. Interleukin 10 (IL-10), a potent anti-inflammatory cytokine, has been the subject of multiple studies. Several studies have reported that IL-10 has pro- and antitumor effects. Elevated levels of IL-10 are associated with increased tumor growth with poor prognosis and drug resistance. However, this cytokine has both tumor-promoting and tumor-inhibiting properties. In vitro and in vivo studies report mechanisms by which IL-10 expression downregulates class I, which results in the control of the metastatic disease. IL-10 also inhibits tumorigenesis via downregulation of other cytokines. The variation observed could be the result of concentration ranges of this protein, genetic polymorphism, or both. The value obtained may serve as a biomarker indicative of tumor development and its prognosis

Estructura del proyecto integrador como estrategia de enseñanza-aprendizaje para el área disciplinar-profesionalizante del programa académico de licenciatura en ciencias de la educación de la universidad autónoma de Nayarit

It has been discussed how important it is that curricula maintain a relevance adjusted to the needs that the social context demands. Issue that in Higher Education Institutions (IES), falls greater responsibility for the prompt presentation of their students who, as graduates, put into practice what they learned during their academic training. However, this becomes a challenge for the HEIs, in the first place, because it is necessary to train students not only in the defense of the theoretical but of the practice itself, as well as to train teachers to achieve it and meet what is socially requested. That is why this paper presents the proposed structure of the integrative project as evidence of learning and teaching resource, the result of a previous research study with a qualitative approach under a case study method, taking as population the academic program of Bachelor of Science in Education, Tepic campus of the Autonomous University of Nayarit, and taking as a sample teachers who participated in the selective areas of the thematic blocks of the 2012 curriculum of the aforementioned degree. For the structure of the integrative project, the methodology under projects and service learning was considered.Se ha discutido sobre lo importante que es que los planes de estudio mantengan una pertinencia ajustada a las necesidades que el contexto social reclama. Cuestión que en las Instituciones Educativas de nivel Superior (IES), recae mayor responsabilidad por la pronta presentación de sus estudiantes que, como egresados, ponen en práctica lo aprendido durante su formación académica. Sin embargo, esto se convierte en un reto paras las IES, en primera, porque se requiere formar a los estudiantes no sólo en la defensa de lo teórico sino de la práctica misma, así como también capacitar a los profesores para lograrlo y atender lo socialmente solicitado. Es por esto que en este trabajo se presenta la propuesta de estructura del proyecto integrador como evidencia de aprendizaje y recurso de enseñanza, resultado de un previo estudio de investigación con enfoque cualitativo bajo un método de estudio de caso, tomando como población el programa académico de Licenciatura en Ciencias de la Educación, campus Tepic de la Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, y teniendo como muestra a docentes que participaron en las áreas selectivas de los bloques temáticos del plan de estudios 2012 de la licenciatura mencionada. Para la estructura el proyecto integrador, se consideró la metodología bajo proyectos y aprendizaje servicio

ANTOLOGÍA DE MERCADOTECNIA SOCIAL Y DE SERVICIOS

ANTOLOGÍ

MERCADOTECNIA SOCIAL Y DE SERVICIOS

El construir una relación comercial sinérgica ya no incluye solamente a las empresas y a sus clientes, es ya una necesidad incluir a la sociedad como elemento pilar de los esfuerzos comerciales de toda organización, la sociedad es un elemento que puede influir tanto positivamente como negativamente en los procesos económicos de las empresas.La mercadotecnia es la encargada de crear, diseñar, utilizar y administrar estratégicamente las herramientas, la información, las técnicas y las tácticas adecuadas para lograr comercializar productos, servicios e ideas, de manera eficiente. El logro de comercializar de manera óptima es alcanzado no solo mediante la transacción de bienes, es alcanzado mediante la creación de valor para todos los elementos implicados en las acciones transaccionarías. Entendiendo que el valor es un beneficio percibido, se pueden crear diferentes valores mediante un solo proceso comercial, esto provoca una un acercamiento a la eficiencia comercial, ya que en un solo proceso se satisfacen a los diferentes implicados en la comercialización. La empresa, los clientes y la sociedad, son los 3 elementos a los cuales se debe de proveer de un valor mediante el proceso comercial, los clientes buscan recibir un beneficio, la satisfacción de una necesidad, la empresa busca recibir otro beneficio, recurso económico, la sociedad, ¿qué valor busca la sociedad?, ¿Por qué es importante generar valor en la sociedad?, ¿Cómo generamos valor a la sociedad?; estas cuestiones son las que se abordan en la unidad de aprendizaje Mercadotecnia social y de servicios

Factors associated with the humoral response after three doses of COVID-19 vaccination in kidney transplant recipients

[Introduction] Kidney transplant recipients showed a weak humoral response to the mRNA COVID-19 vaccine despite receiving three cumulative doses of the vaccine. New approaches are still needed to raise protective immunity conferred by the vaccine administration within this group of high-risk patients.[Methods] To analyze the humoral response and identify any predictive factors within these patients, we designed a prospective monocentric longitudinal study of Kidney transplant recipients (KTR) who received three doses of mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccine. Specific antibody levels were measured by chemiluminescence. Parameters related to clinical status such as kidney function, immunosuppressive therapy, inflammatory status and thymic function were analyzed as potential predictors of the humoral response.[Results] Seventy-four KTR and sixteen healthy controls were included. One month after the administration of the third dose of the COVID-19 vaccine, 64.8% of KTR showed a positive humoral response. As predictive factors of seroconversion and specific antibody titer, we found that immunosuppressive therapy, worse kidney function, higher inflammatory status and age were related to a lower response in KTR while immune cell counts, thymosin-a1 plasma concentration and thymic output were related to a higher humoral response. Furthermore, baseline thymosin-a1 concentration was independently associated with the seroconversion after three vaccine doses.[Discussion] In addition to the immunosuppression therapy, condition of kidney function and age before vaccination, specific immune factors could also be relevant in light of optimization of the COVID-19 vaccination protocol in KTR. Therefore, thymosin-a1, an immunomodulatory hormone, deserves further research as a potential adjuvant for the next vaccine boosters.This study was supported by a grant from the Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria (FIS/PI21/00357), which is co-founded by Fondos Europeos para el Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) “Una manera de hacer Europa”. VG-R, IO-M and AB-R were supported by Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CD19/00143, FI19/00298 and CM19/00051, respectively). MP-B was supported by the Consejería de Transformación Económica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades [DOC_01646 to MP-B] and YP was supported by the Consejería de Salud y Familias of Junta de Andalucía through the “Nicolás Monardes” [RC-0006-2021].Peer reviewe

Additional file 7 of Higher plasma levels of thymosin-α1 are associated with a lower waning of humoral response after COVID-19 vaccination: an eight months follow-up study in a nursing home

Additional file 7: Supplementary Fig. 4. Factors associated with the magnitude of the initial response to the BNT162B2 vaccine at T1 by age-groups.Consejería de Transformación Económica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades Instituto de Salud Carlos III Consejería de Salud y Familias, Junta de AndalucíaPeer reviewe

Additional file 4 of Higher plasma levels of thymosin-α1 are associated with a lower waning of humoral response after COVID-19 vaccination: an eight months follow-up study in a nursing home

Additional file 4: Supplementary Table 3.Thymic activity, Biochemical, Inflammatory and Immunological profiles of the study populations one month after the second dose (T1).Consejería de Transformación Económica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades Instituto de Salud Carlos III Consejería de Salud y Familias, Junta de AndalucíaPeer reviewe

Additional file 6 of Higher plasma levels of thymosin-α1 are associated with a lower waning of humoral response after COVID-19 vaccination: an eight months follow-up study in a nursing home

Additional file 6: Supplementary Fig. 3. Correlations among Log of anti-S antibody titers at all different study points.Consejería de Transformación Económica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades Instituto de Salud Carlos III Consejería de Salud y Familias, Junta de AndalucíaPeer reviewe

Additional file 1 of Higher plasma levels of thymosin-α1 are associated with a lower waning of humoral response after COVID-19 vaccination: an eight months follow-up study in a nursing home

Additional file 1: Supplementary Fig. 1. Study design and Flow-chart.Consejería de Transformación Económica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades Instituto de Salud Carlos III Consejería de Salud y Familias, Junta de AndalucíaPeer reviewe