El noticiero central del canal público Ecuador TV: cerca del gobierno, lejos de la ciudadanía

Este trabajo presenta una descripción de los medios privados en Sudamérica y en Ecuador, donde la mayoría han sido y son empresas familiares. Sin embargo, en la última década hubo cambios en el mapa mediático local y una nueva institucionalidad para crear los medios públicos, entre ellos, el canal público o Ecuador TV. Esos medios nacieron como una bocanada de aire y bajo un horizonte diverso de información, así como un espacio de diálogo entre diferentes culturas. Pero todas estas declaraciones, que están en la Guía Editorial de la televisión pública, tienen un modelo de información muy parecido a los canales privados. Para analizar el noticiero central de Ecuador TV, se tomó una muestra de cuatro días: el 17,18, 20, 21 y 22 de febrero de 2014, en el horario de 21h15. Esas fechas son clave y coinciden con la última semana de los comicios municipales. Este trabajo estudió la Agenda Setting, la agenda gubernamental y la agenda ciudadana para establecer cuál de ellas correspondía al canal público. Los resultados cuantitativos de la muestra señalan que la agenda del informativo central de Ecuador TV está más cerca del poder que de la ciudadanía

Comparison of Canopy Openness in Different Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) Production Systems in Alto Beni, Bolivia

Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) grows naturally as an understory tree in tropical forests and produces well under shaded and non-shaded conditions. It is cultivated by small scale farmers in South America under various conditions, ranging from monocultures to different kinds of agroforestry systems. While in monocultures it is exposed to direct sunlight, one or various tree species shade the cocoa in agroforestry systems. Also organic cocoa cultivation is becoming more and more popular due to premium prices and increasing ecological consciousness. In Alto Beni, Bolivia, the Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL) and local partners have established a long-term field trial to compare cocoa production systems. The bi-factorial randomised block design includes management and biodiversity factors combined to the following five cocoa treatments: monoculture and agroforestry systems both under organic and conventional management, and successional agroforestry system (high plant species diversity) under organic management and for further comparison fallow plots of same age as the cocoa plots. Research is done in all fields of agronomic, economic and environmental interest. This study focuses on the comparison of the canopy openness of the different cocoa production systems and fallow plots. Knowledge about the canopy openness enables the estimation of light entering the production system, especially on the cocoa layer (photosynthesis relevant) and also on the soil as canopy openness influences the microclimate in the plantation. Another aspect of the canopy is the impact on the throughfall within the plot. Over the time, variations in the canopy structure indicate the production of biomass, of nutrient enrichment by throughfall (rain-wash and nutrient leaf leaching in the canopy) and may indicate pruning necessities when the plant cover above the cocoa exceeds critical values. To estimate the canopy openness, in the years 2012 and 2013 hemispherical photography was taken with fisheye lenses in the different cocoa production systems and in the fallow plots. The photos were analysed with the programme Gap Light Analyser. First results of canopy openness between the cocoa systems will be shown and discussed for leave area index and potential microclimate differences

Unexpectedly high beta-diversity of root-associated fungal communities in the Bolivian Andes

Bolivia is one of the most biologically diverse countries on the planet. Between the Andes and the Amazon drainage basin spans the Yungas, a vast forested region shown to be extremely species rich in macro-organisms. However, it remains unclear whether this high diversity is also reflected in microbial diversity. Here we assess the genetic, taxonomic and functional diversity of root-associated fungi surrounding Cinchona calisaya calisaya trees, a typical element of the intermediate altitudes of the Bolivian Yungas. We determine the relative effects of edaphic properties, climate, and geography in regulating fungal community assembly. We show that α-diversity for these fungal communities was similar to temperate and arid ecosystems, averaging 90.1 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) per sample, with reads predominantly assigned to the Ascomycota phylum and with a saprotrophic lifestyle. ß-diversity was calculated as the distance-decay rate, and in contrast to α-diversity, was exceptionally high with a rate of -0.407. Soil properties (pH and P) principally regulated fungal community assembly in an analogous manner to temperate environments, with pH and phosphorus explaining 7.8 % and 7.2 % of community variation respectively. Surprisingly, altitude does not influence community formation, and there is limited evidence that climate (precipitation and temperature) play a role. Our results suggest that sampling should be performed over a wide geographical and environmental range in order to capture the full root-associated fungal diversity in subtropical regions. This study sheds further light on the diversity and distribution of the world's hidden biodiversity

Desigualdade regional na distribuição dos recursos previdenciários: uma análise das transferências intrageracionais e de período

This paper aims to estimate the distributional effects of Social Security, among Brazilian regions, addressing two aspects: transfers between individuals of the same cohort but of different regions, i.e., cross-subsidies to consider the benefits and contributions made over life cycle, and transfers that occur among regions, from 2008. Through the use of measures of financial return, it checks if the system draws resources through tax from richer regions to deliver them, on payment of pensions, to the poorest. Exercises to standardize the age structure, pattern of mortality and socioeconomic factors are performed in order to isolate these components inter-regional flows of public pension funds. The results show that the system shows progressive fulfilling its social role in regional distribution of system funds. The protection afforded mainly the Northeast, implies, in contrast, in a considerable size of funds transfers between regions, with losses non trivial for the Southeast region and a negative net return to the North from the perspective of transfer period.Social Security; Transfers; Cohort; Brazilian regions.

Inteligencia emocional y dominio de las relaciones interpersonales en Educación Infantil

Las emociones son un elemento muy relevante en el desarrollo y evolución de los niños, por ello se ha realizado una revisión sobre su estudio. En primer lugar, se ha indagado sobre la Psicología Positiva y su relación con las emociones. Posteriormente, se hace una revisión sobre la Inteligencia Emocional, qué es según sus estudiosos, algunos de sus modelos y su importancia dentro del aula, todo ello relacionado con el desarrollo evolutivo. Y, para finalizar, se realiza una breve mención a los programas de intervención actuales que abordan el tema. Por otra parte, se presenta un programa de intervención destinado al trabajo de la Inteligencia Emocional y el dominio de las relaciones interpersonales en Educación Infantil. El cual incluye la contextualización, los objetivos y contenidos, la temporalización, la metodología aplicada y las actividades propiamente dichas que configuran el programa.Emotions are a very relevant component in children’s development and evolution; therefore, a review has been made about its study. In the first place, it has been investigated about Positive Psychology and its connection with emotions. Then, a review has been made about Emotional Intelligence, what it is according to its scholars, some of its models and its importance in the school’s classrooms, all of it related to the evolutive development. And, to conclude, a short mention is made about the contemporary intervention programs. On the other hand, an intervention program about Emotional Intelligence and relationships skills is presented. Which includes context, objectives and contents, timing, methodology and the activities that put together the program.Grado en Educación Infanti

Evaluación de la prevalencia de desnutrición crónica en niños de 6-24 meses en los Centros de Desarrollo Infantil de Quito (CDI) que están a cargo de la Fundación Honrar la Vida (FHV)

Chronic undernutrition is an indicator that reflects long-term cumulative effects of inadequate food intake. In children, the consequences of chronic undernutrition are physical and intellectual; that is why it is important to detect in populations the prevalence of this condition, in order to study the causes and prevent the negative effects. The type of food intake in terms of quality or diversity is one of the possible origins of chronic undernutrition. It is relevant to study the variety of foods that compose a population´s diet in order to associate it with the existence of undernutrition.La desnutrición crónica infantil es un indicador que refleja la acumulación de los efectos de una mala alimentación en el tiempo. Las consecuencias de la desnutrición crónica en los niños son físicas e intelectuales; por lo que es de gran importancia detectar la prevalencia de esta condición en las poblaciones, para descubrir las causas y poder prevenir los efectos negativos que esta ocasiona. El tipo de alimentación, en cuanto a calidad o variedad, es una de los posibles orígenes de la desnutrición crónica. Por lo que es de gran utilidad estudiar la diversidad de alimentos ingeridos en la dieta de una población para relacionarlo con la presencia de desnutrición

Representation of homoaffective relationships in Brazilian telenovelas

The presence of homosexual characters in Brazilian telenovelas has been gaining prominence in recent years and arousing intense debates in society. The aim of this study is to analyze the representation of homoaffective relationships in telenovelas from the perspective of their presence, relevance and discussion. This study consisted of the analysis of the scenes of homosexual couple Teresa and Estela in the telenovela Ambitious Women (GLOBO NETWORK, 2015), in comparison with the literature and other same-gender relationships in telenovelas. The analysis evidences an increase in the representativeness of homoaffective relationships in telenovelas, however the representation of these relationships still remains subjected to a heteronormative logic

Endemic Plant Species of Bolivia and Their Relationships with Vegetation

The inventory of Bolivia’s vascular plants lists 2402 endemic species (ca. 20% of 12,339 of native flora). Among angiosperms, there are 2263 species from 124 families and 641 genera, whereas among pteridophytes, there are 139 species from 16 families and 29 genera. Seven families with the greatest number of endemic species are Orchidaceae (418), Asteraceae (246), Bromeliaceae (147), Cactaceae (127), Poaceae (92), and Piperaceae (81). Cleistocactus and Puya have 14 and 55 endemic species, respectively, so representing 82.3 and 84.6% of the species in these genera. Bolivia’s endemic species show distribution patterns associated with past geological events, orographic dynamics (of the Andes and in the Cerrado), as well as areas of diversification. Dry xeric and humid regions host local and regional endemics in specific families and biogeographic regions of high conservation importance. Humid montane forests in the Yungas and dry inter-Andean valleys are rich in endemic species with 51 and 22% of the total recorded in the respective regions. Nevertheless, there are still many lesser known geographical areas that may generate new information in the short and medium term. Only 165 endemic species (6.9%) have been evaluated for their conservation status following IUCN categories with 49% assessed as endangered (EN)