Simulation of Thermal Surface Waves in a Protoplanetary Disk in a Two-Dimensional Approximation

Theoretical models predict that the obscuration of stellar radiation by irregularities on the surface of a protoplanetary disk can cause self-generating waves traveling towards the star. However, this process is traditionally simulated using the 1+1D approach, the key approximations of which - vertical hydrostatic equilibrium of the disk and vertical diffusion of IR radiation - can distort the picture. This article presents a two-dimensional radiative hydrodynamic model of the evolution of an axially symmetric gas and dust disk. Within this model, but using simplified assumptions from 1+1D models, we have reproduced the spontaneous generation and propagation of thermal surface waves. The key conclusion of our work is that taking into account two-dimensional hydrodynamics and diffusion of IR radiation suppresses the spontaneous generation and development of thermal waves observed in the 1+1D approximation. The search for the possibility of the existence of surface thermal waves should be continued by studying the problem for various parameters of protoplanetary disks.Comment: Accepted for publication in Astronomy Reports (2022

Critical fields for vortex expulsion from narrow superconducting strips

We calculate the critical magnetic fields for vortex expulsion for an infinitely long superconducting strip, using the Ginzburg-Landau formalism. Two critical fields can be defined associated with the disappearance of either the energetic stability or metastability of vortices in the center of the strip for decreasing magnetic fields. We compare the theoretical predictions for the critical fields in the London formalism with ours and with recently published experimental results. As expected, for narrow strips our results reproduce better the experimental findings.Comment: 5 pages, 5 figure

System of galactic planetary nebulae

Нами уточнены расстояния до 554 галактических планетарных туманностей (ПТ) с использованием соотношения между ионизированной массой туманности μ и параметром оптической толщины, полученного [1]. Мы определили типы туманностей согласно [2] в модификации [3]. Полученные нами расстояния до галактических ПТ использовались для получения шкалы высот h различных подсистем Млечного Пути. Были найдены следующие значения: h = 208 ± 10 пк для объектов тонкого диска, h = 600 ± 54 пк для толстого диска и h = 1378 ± 180 пк для ПТ гало.We recalculated the distance to 554 galactic Planetary Nebulae (PNe) using the relation between the ionized mass of the nebula μ and the optical thickness parameter obtained by [1]. We classified these nebulae according to [2] types modified by [3]. The obtained by us distances to galactic PNe were used to obtain the scale heights h for different subsystems of the Milky Way. The following values of h were obtained: h = 208 ± 10 pc for thin disk objects, h = 600 ± 54 pc for thick disk ones, and h = 1378 ± 180 pc for halo PNe

Correlation of the level of development of academic autonomy of younger students with indicators of educational motivation and style of pedagogical activity (on the example of primary school students in Uzbekistan)

Primary school age, according to most researchers, is the most sensitive for the development of academic autonomy and educational motivation, which are key factors for the success of educational activities. The authors of the article suggested that the formation of student autonomy is associated with the learning environment, the nature of changes in the motivational sphere of the child's personality, including the predominance of internal or external motivation. The study was performed on a sample of 134 students and 18 teachers of schools in Uzbekistan. As diagnostic tools were: the method of “Diagnostics of level of school motivation in elementary school students” N. G. Lukanova, the method of “Diagnosis of educational autonomy of younger school student” S. Yu. Prokhorov, the method “Style of teaching” A. M. Markova and A. I. Nikonova. Previously, the methods were adapted for the Uzbek sample. The calculation of the x2 criterion was used as the main statistical tool. As a result of the study, a statistically reliable relationship was established between the indicators of educational motivation and the level of academic autonomy of younger students. The researchers found that the incentive for learning activities can be external motivation, that is, the motivation to avoid failure and Vice versa. Younger students with high and above-average levels of academic autonomy are mostly trained in teacher classes that ensure that students focus on both the content aspects of the material being studied motivation, psychological and pedagogical support of educational activities and on achieving their goals, and who are less likely to focus on assessing the failures of their students. Based on the results obtained, the article formulates pedagogical and psychological directions of work for the successful development of academic autonomy and educational motivation of primary school students.Младший школьный возраст, по мнению большинства исследователей, является наиболее сензитивным для развития академической самостоятельности и учебной мотивации, выступающих ключевыми факторами успешности образовательной деятельности. Авторы статьи предположили, что формирование самостоятельности учащегося связано с условиями обучения, характером изменений в мотивационной сфере личности ребенка, в том числе, в преобладании внутренней или внешней мотивации. Исследование выполнено на выборке 134 учащихся и 18 педагогов школ Узбекистана. В качестве диагностических средств выступили: методика «Диагностика уровня школьной мотивации учащихся начальной школы» Н. Г. Лускановой, методика «Диагностика учебной самостоятельности младшего школьника» С. Ю. Прохорова, методика «Стиль педагогической деятельности» А. М. Марковой и А. Я. Никоновой. Предварительно была проведена адаптация методик для узбекской выборки. В качестве основного статистического инструмента использовался расчет критерия Х2. В результате исследования была установлена статистически достоверная взаимосвязь между показателями учебной мотивации и уровнем академической самостоятельности младших школьников. Исследователи выявили, что стимулом учебной деятельности может быть внешняя мотивация, то есть мотивация избегать неудачи и наоборот. Младшие школьники с высокими и выше среднего показателями академической самостоятельности в основном обучаются в классах учителей, обеспечивающих сосредоточенность обучающихся как на содержательных аспектах изучаемого материала, так и на достижении целей своей деятельности, и которые менее склонны акцентировать внимание на оценке неудач своих учеников. На основании полученных результатов в статье сформулированы педагогические и психологические направления работы для успешного развития академической самостоятельности и учебной мотивации учащихся младших классов

Anomalies of Density, Stresses, and the Gravitational Field in the Interior of Mars

We determined the possible compensation depths for relief harmonics of different degrees and orders. The relief is shown to be completely compensated within the depth range of 0 to 1400 km. The lateral distributions of compensation masses are determined at these depths and the maps are constructed. The possible nonisostatic vertical stresses in the crust and mantle of Mars are estimated to be 64 MPa in compression and 20 MPa in tension. The relief anomalies of the Tharsis volcanic plateau and symmetric feature in the eastern hemisphere could have arisen and been maintained dynamically due to two plumes in the mantle substance that are enriched with fluids. The plumes that originate at the core of Mars can arise and be maintained by the anomalies of the inner gravitational field achieving +800 mGal in the region of plume formation, - 1200 mGal above the lower mantle-core transition layer, and -1400 mGal at the crust.Comment: 9 pages, 5 figure

Fibrogenic and fibrolytic potential of differently activated human macrophages

Macrophages are involved in the regulation of fibrogenesis and turnover of the extracellular matrix. One way to perform this function is through the production of profibrotic and fibrolytic factors including fibronectin, laminin, collagen, and extracellular matrix proteases. The production of most of them has been well studied in experimental models; however, much remains unclear regarding human macrophages. Therefore, the aim of this study was to study the content of extracellular matrix proteases (MMP-2 and MMP-9, cathepsin L), their inhibitors (TIMP-1), and collagen (type I) in supernatants of differently activated human macrophages. We compared macrophages differentiated by M-CSF or GM-CSF and further polarized in M1 with lipopolysaccharide, in M2a with IL-4, and in M2c with dexamethasone. Macrophages was obtained from peripheral blood monocytes. The content of MMPs, TIMP, cathepsin, and collagen was determined using appropriate ELISA kits. The results obtained demonstrate that differentiation factors are more important for the production of the above factors compared to polarizing stimuli (lipopolysaccharide, IL-4, dexamethasone). Moreover, macrophages differentiated by M-CSF showed predominantly antifibrotic activity because of pronounced MMPs production, while GM-CSF-induced cultures, on the contrary, were characterized by profibrotic properties due to the high level of TIMP-1 and type I collagen. M1, M2a, and M2c, induced by M-CSF, differed only in MMP-2 production, and M2a produced this metalloproteinase more than other subtypes. In the case of GM-CSF-differentiated cells, a higher level of production of TIMP-1 and, to a lesser extent, type I collagen was characteristic of M1, whereas M2c have minimal concentration of them among GM-CSF-induced macrophage subtypes. Concerning the level of cathepsin L production was relatively constant and did not depend on the generation conditions (differentiation and polarizing signals). Thus, the data obtained help to identify macrophage subtypes with anti- or profibrotic potential and may be useful for the development of cell therapy for diseases associated with fibrogenesis dysregulation

Study of social tension based on electronic social networks big data

The article presents a methodology for assessing the level of social tension according to the data of electronic social networks. The calculation of the level of social tension according to the specified method is carried out automatically using software tools and requires the participation of the researcher only at the level of an analytical conclusion. An approach to identifying the dissatisfaction of the population at the level of the simplest actions of social network accounts has been described in detail. The necessity of identifying certain spheres of public life for the identification of population discontent has been substantiated, the indicated spheres have been highlighted and described. An indicator has been developed that makes it possible to calculate the level of social tension within each of the identified spheres of public life, taking into account the level of negative messages (posts and comments) and the discussion of each topic. A generalising indicator of the level of social tension has been developed, combining individual indicators of tension by topic. The calculation of the generalising indicator makes it possible to identify the level of social tension in a region or other territorial entity and track its dynamics in any perspective, including retrospectively.The proposed methodology for assessing social tension based on data from electronic social networks differs significantly from existing sociological and statistical approaches. Its main advantage lies in the minimal time lag between the dynamics of social tension, reflected in the social network, and its identification, which expands the possibilities of a prompt response to the growth of negative moods in society. Another difference of the proposed approach is the possibility of multiple repetitions of calculations with minimal, in contrast to the sociological method, the cost of additional resources for each subsequent iteration of the calculation of the indicator value

Cross-cultural study of attitudes to work of representativesof different age groups

Labor activity is the most important condition for self-development, life satisfaction and socialization. This article presents the results of research in the field of readiness for work, obtained in the Russian and Slovak empirical sample, which included University students, people under the retirement age (working and unemployed), working pensioners aged 55-65 years. The study also included students of secondary schools in order to identify factors that influence the formation of readiness for work.В данной статье представлены результаты исследований отношения к трудовой деятельности студентов вузов, людей, не достигших пенсионного возраста, трудящихся пенсионеров и учащихся общеобразовательных школ