Elevation Change Detection for Quantification of Extensive Permafrost Thaw Subsidence in East Siberian Coastal Lowlands

Permanently frozen ground in the Arctic is being destabilized by continuing permafrost degradation, an indicator of climate change in the northern high latitudes. Accelerated coastal erosion due to sea ice reduction and an increased intensity of ground settlement through ground ice melt caused by rising summer air temperatures result in widespread geomorphological activity. The objective of our study is to analyze time series of repeat terrestrial laser scanning (rLiDAR) for quantification of extensive land surface lowering through thaw subsidence, which is the main unknown in terms of recent landscape development in the vast but neglected coastal lowlands of the East Siberian Arctic. These in-situ data provide the basis for calibration and validation of large scale surface change assessments using very high resolution space-borne elevation data with high precision. Complementing our surveys, we conducted botanical mapping. This allows us to relate elevation differences to specific surface conditions and enhances our capabilities to extrapolate our local observations to larger areas through land-cover classifications of multispectral remote sensing data such as Sentinel-2. Additionally, highly detailed digital elevation models (DEMs) with sub-metre accuracy have been photogrammetrically derived from satellite stereo data. These DEMs contain valuable terrain height information for 3D change detection, in case of DEMs representing the state of a study area at different points in time. The results show that elevation differences are almost always negative. When calculated as rates over time, land surface lowering in the ground-ice-rich Siberian coastal lowlands permafrost amounts to 3-10 cm per year

Rapid Fluvio-Thermal Erosion of a Yedoma Permafrost Cliff in the Lena River Delta

The degradation of ice-rich permafrost deposits has the potential to release large amounts of previously freeze-locked carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) with local implications, such as affecting riverine and near-shore ecosystems, but also global impacts such as the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Here, we study the rapid erosion of the up to 27.7 m high and 1,660 m long Sobo-Sise yedoma cliff in the Lena River Delta using a remote sensing-based time-series analysis covering 53 years and calculate the mean annual sediment as well as C and N release into the Lena River. We find that the Sobo-Sise yedoma cliff, which exposes ice-rich late Pleistocene to Holocene deposits, had a mean long-term (1965–2018) erosion rate of 9.1 m yr–1 with locally and temporally varying rates of up to 22.3 m yr–1. These rates are among the highest measured erosion rates for permafrost coastal and river shoreline stretches. The fluvio-thermal erosion led to the release of substantial amounts of C (soil organic carbon and dissolved organic carbon) and N to the river system. On average, currently at least 5.2 × 106 kg organic C and 0.4 × 106 kg N were eroded annually (2015–2018) into the Lena River. The observed sediment and organic matter erosion was persistent over the observation period also due to the specific configuration of river flow direction and cliff shore orientation. Our observations highlight the importance to further study rapid fluvio-thermal erosion processes in the permafrost region, also because our study shows increasing erosion rates at Sobo-Sise Cliff in the most recent investigated time periods. The organic C and N transport from land to river and eventually to the Arctic Ocean from this and similar settings may have severe implications on the biogeochemistry and ecology of the near-shore zone of the Laptev Sea as well as for turnover and rapid release of old C and N to the atmosphere

Hemolysis and ATP release from human and rat erythrocytes under conditions of hypoxia: a comparative study

Red blood cells are involved not only in transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide but also in autoregulation of vascular tone by ATP release in hypoxic conditions. Molecular mechanisms of the ATP release from red blood cells in response to a decrease in partial oxygen pressure still remain to be elucidated. In this work we have studied effects of hypoxia on red blood cell hemolysis in humans and rats and compared the effects of inhibitors of ecto-ATPase and pannexin on the release of ATP and hemoglobin from rat erythrocytes. The 20-min hypoxia at 37°C increased hemolysis of red blood cells in humans and rats 1.5- and 2.5-fold, respectively. In rat erythrocytes a significant increase in hypoxia-induced extracellular ATP level was found only in the presence of ecto-ATPase inhibitor ARL 67156. In these conditions we observed a positive correlation (R2 = 0.5003) between the increase in free hemoglobin concentration and the ATP release. Neither carbenoxolon nor probenecid, the inhibitors of low-selectivity pannexin channels, altered the hypoxia-induced ATP release from rat erythrocytes. The obtained results indicate a key role of hemolysis in the ATP release from red blood cells

Ground-Based Measurements and High Resolution Remote Sensing of Permafrost Thaw Subsidence on Yedoma Uplands in the Lena Delta Region

Ground-ice rich terrain in the East Siberian coastal lowlands is being destabilized by continuing permafrost degradation. This degradation includes not only warming of cold permafrost, but also its thawing with consequences for local hydrology, ecosystems, biogeochemical cycling, and sometimes communities. However, thaw-associated mobilization of soil organic carbon and associated release of methane or carbon dioxide as well as relative sea level rise due to terrain subsidence of vast coastal hinterlands has potential regional to global impacts. Regarding land surface elevation of ground-ice-rich terrain, questions remain over whether the absolute surface level returns back to its initial state after a complete annual thaw-freeze cycle or if irreversible loss of ground ice occurred due to active layer deepening, leading to subsidence. Within drained thaw lake basins or areas of current thermokarst activity on yedoma uplands, seasonal thaw-freeze mechanisms proceed simultaneously with long-term geomorphic processes of land surface lowering. Now there are initial indications that ground ice in permafrost is thawing in response to rising temperatures in the Arctic, however, still only few observations of widespread and irreversible thaw subsidence exist. Permanent subsidence depends on topographic gradients enabling effective removal of ground ice melt water. Readjustment of drainage systems due to a landward advancing coastline or thermokarst lake expansion or partial drainage is likely to facilitate thaw subsidence in the coastal hinterland and calls for a more comprehensive consideration. In this study, we placed our observations in the context of an alas-yedoma thermokarst landscape that has already undergone considerable permafrost degradation in the past. Our work aims at finding commonalities and differences of change or no change on uplands, slopes, and thaw depressions on the landscape scale using multi-temporal DEMs from historical aerial photographies and modern very high resolution satellite imagery such as WorldView and GeoEye. In summer 2014 we established several long-term survey grids with geodetic benchmarks on Sobo-Sise island in the eastern Lena Delta and on the Bykovsky Peninsula in North Siberia. Initial ground-based measurements were used to create and evaluate multiple digital elevation models (DEMs) produced with satellite image stereophotogrammetry. The datasets will be used to identify inter-annual trends. Annual repeat ground measurements starting in 2015, relying on our small grid of fiber glass pipes anchored in the permafrost down to 2m depth, will provide information on spatio-temporal variations of local elevation changes in polygonal tundra

n-Alkane Characteristics of Thawed Permafrost Deposits Below a Thermokarst Lake on Bykovsky Peninsula, Northeastern Siberia

Rapid permafrost thaw by thermokarst mobilizes previously frozen organic matter (OM) down to tens of meters deep within decades to centuries, leading to microbial degradation and greenhouse gas release. Late Pleistocene ice-rich Yedoma deposits that thaw underneath thermokarst lakes and refreeze after lake drainage are called taberal sediments. Although widespread, these have not been the subject of many studies. To study OM characteristics and degradability in thawed Yedoma, we obtained a 31.5 m long core from beneath a thermokarst lake on the Bykovsky Peninsula, northeastern Siberia. We reported radiocarbon ages, biogeochemical parameters [organic carbon (OC) content and bulk carbon isotopes] and n-alkane distributions. We found the most degraded OM in frozen, fluvial sediments at the bottom of the core, as indicated by the lowest n-alkane odd-over-even predominance (OEP; 2.2). Above this, the thawed Yedoma sediments had an n-alkane distribution typical of emergent vegetation, suggesting a landscape dominated by low-centered polygons. These sediments were OC poor (OC content: 0.8 wt%, 60% of samples < 0.1 wt%), but the OM (OEP approx. 5.0) was better preserved than in the fluvial sediments. The upper part of the Yedoma reflected a transition to a drier, grass dominated environment. Furthermore, this unit’s OM was least degraded (OEP approx. 9.4). The thermokarst lake that formed about 8 cal ka BP thawed the Yedoma in the talik and deposited Holocene lake sediments containing well-preserved OM (OEP approx. 8.4) with the highest n-alkane concentrations (20.8 mg g-1 sediment). Old, allochthonous OM was found in the thawed Yedoma and frozen fluvial deposits. Using an n-alkane endmember model, we identified a mixed OM input in all units. In our study, the thawed Yedoma sediments contained less OC than reported in other studies for still frozen Yedoma. The Yedoma OM was more degraded compared to previous biomarker research on frozen Yedoma. However, this signal isoverprinted by the input signal. The fluvial deposits below the Yedoma contained more OM, but this OM was more degraded, which can be explained by the OM input signal. Continued talik deepening and expansion of this thermokarst lake and others similar to it will expose OM with heterogeneous properties to microbial degradation

Thermokarst Landscape Evolution Recorded by n-Alkanes in a Deep Sediment Core from Bykovsky Peninsula, Northeast Siberia

Warming of the Arctic triggers deep permafrost thaw, which has a strong impact on permafrost organic carbon (OC) storage. To identify the sedimentation history and organic matter (OM) characteristics of thermokarst-affected permafrost landscapes, we carried out an expedition in spring 2017 to the Bykovsky Peninsula. This is a remnant of a late Pleistocene accumulation plain on the Laptev Sea coast, northeastern Siberia. We retrieved a 31-m-long sediment core from underneath a thermokarst lake (water depth: 5.1 m) and analyzed the sediments for n-alkanes, total organic carbon content (TOC) and grain size. From the bottom upwards, the core contained 3 m of frozen sediments from underneath the thaw bulb (Unit I: 36.6-33 m), 25 m of unfrozen Yedoma (taberal) sediments (Unit II: 33-18 m, Unit III: 18-10 m) and 4 m of unfrozen lake sediments (Unit IV: 10-5.1 m). Unit I contained coarsest sediments and rounded pebbles, which point to a strong fluvial influence. Here, we found the highest TOC values (17.8 wt%) and drift wood (organic remains up to 4 cm in size). The dominant mid-chains n-alkanes n-C23 and n-C25 and a high aquatic plant n-alkane proxy Paq (median: 0.65) suggest the growth of submerged/floating macrophytes. With a value of 2.2, the odd-over-even predominance (OEP) is lowest in Unit I. Unit II has a lower relative distribution of the midchain n-alkanes, which suggests the vegetation was likely emergent rather than submerged (median Paq: 0.44). This indicates the onset of Yedoma formation and low-centered polygon development. In the finer sediments of Unit III, the Paq further decreases (median: 0.32) and n-C31 becomes more important, indicating the transition to a drier, grass dominated environment. The thermokarst lake (Unit IV) formed about 8 cal ka BP, indicated by a peat layer. The OM in Unit IV is fresh (median OEP: 8.4) and has the highest n-alkane concentration (20.8 µg g-1 sediment). In this study, we show that thermokarst formation has a potential of mobilizing a large OC pool to tens of meters deep: even though the OM in the sediments below the thaw bulb is furthest degraded, still a substantial amount of OC is stored here. The study of n-alkanes is very useful in identifying OM source and degradability and will help to improve OM mobilization estimates in thawing permafrost by investigating the molecular lipid structure

Hemolysis and ATP release from human and rat erythrocytes under conditions of hypoxia: a comparative study

Red blood cells are involved not only in transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide but also in autoregulation of vascular tone by ATP release in hypoxic conditions. Molecular mechanisms of the ATP release from red blood cells in response to a decrease in partial oxygen pressure still remain to be elucidated. In this work we have studied effects of hypoxia on red blood cell hemolysis in humans and rats and compared the effects of inhibitors of ecto-ATPase and pannexin on the release of ATP and hemoglobin from rat erythrocytes. The 20-min hypoxia at 37°C increased hemolysis of red blood cells in humans and rats 1.5- and 2.5-fold, respectively. In rat erythrocytes a significant increase in hypoxia-induced extracellular ATP level was found only in the presence of ecto-ATPase inhibitor ARL 67156. In these conditions we observed a positive correlation (R2 = 0.5003) between the increase in free hemoglobin concentration and the ATP release. Neither carbenoxolon nor probenecid, the inhibitors of low-selectivity pannexin channels, altered the hypoxia-induced ATP release from rat erythrocytes. The obtained results indicate a key role of hemolysis in the ATP release from red blood cells